The chemical investigation on Ganoderma philippii led to the isolation of sixteen compounds by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. On the basis of spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were elucidated as 2, 5-dihydroxyacetophenone (1), methyl gentisate (2), (S) -dimethyl malate (3), muurola-4, 10 (14) -dien-11beta-ol (4), dihydroepicubenol (5), 5-hydroxymethylfuran carboxaldehyde (6), ergosta-7, 22E-dien-3beta-ol (7), ergosta-7, 22E-dien-3-one (8), ergosta-7, 22E-diene-2beta, 3alpha, 9alpha-triol (9), 6/beta-methoxyergo-sta-7, 22E-dien-3beta, 5alpha-diol (10), ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), 22E-tetraen-3-one (11), ergosta4, 6, 8-(14), 22E-etetraen-3beta-ol (12), 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 22E-dien-3beta-ol (13), 7alpha-methoxy-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxyergosta-8-(14), 22E-dien-3beta-ol (14), ergosta-8, 22E-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta, 7alpha-tetraol (15), and ergosta-5, 23-dien-3beta-ol, acetate (16). All the compounds were obtained from this fungus for the first time, and compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from the Ganoderma genus for the first time.
Ganoderma ; chemistry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Organic Chemicals ; analysis ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo study the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) expression in the development of hearing damage in neonatal rats with hyperbilirubinemia.

METHODSSixty seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly injected with bilirubin of 100 microg/g (low-dose treatment group) or 200 microg/g (high-dose treatment group) or normal saline (control group). Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was examined. The concentrations of bilirubin in blood and brain were measured. NMDAR expression in the cochlear nucleus slices was examined by immunohistochemistry assay.

RESULTSABR reflecting threshold obviously increased, and I, II and III wave latency as well as I-II, II-III and I-III interval were more prolonged in the two bilirubin treatment groups when compared with the control group. The NMDAR expression in the cochlear nucleuse in the two bilirubin treatment groups was obviously lower than that in the control group. The NMDAR expression in the cochlear nucleuse was negatively correlated with the brain bilirubin content and the ABR reflecting threshold in the two bilirubin treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONSAn increased NMDAR activity may play an important role in hearing damage following hyperbilirubinemia.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bilirubin ; analysis ; Cochlear Nucleus ; chemistry ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Female ; Hearing Disorders ; etiology ; Hyperbilirubinemia ; complications ; metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo analyse the clinical characteristics and potential prognostic factors of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases.

METHODSThe clinical and pathological data of 300 colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.

RESULTSThe median survival time of these patients was 19.0 months. The 1-, 2- and 5-year survival rates after liver metastases were 79.0%, 29.0% and 3.0%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that performance status (KPS), histological grading, primary tumor, N status, lymphatic and vascular invasion, stage at diagnosis, the number, size and distribution of liver metastases and other accompanied metastases were prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that KPS, lymphatic and vascular invasion, the number and size of liver metastases were independent prognostic factors of colorectal cancer with liver metastases.

CONCLUSIONPerformance status, lymphatic and vascular invasion, the number and size of liver metastases are independent prognostic factors of colorectal cancer with liver metastases.

Adenocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; pathology ; secondary ; surgery ; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; drug therapy ; pathology ; secondary ; surgery ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Colonic Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; surgery ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; secondary ; surgery ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Rectal Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Burden ; Young Adult

Objective To learn the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS cases aged 15-24 years in Shaoxing for making targeted prevention and control measures among young people. Methods To analyze the HIV/AIDS cases' distribution, route of transmission and reported route according to the cases which were reported 2003-2016 and aged 15-24 years. Results There were 325 cases had been reported. The epidemic had spread outward to each county, and transient population was accounted for 64.00%, and the ratio of male to female was 2.46:1. Career was widely dispersed, and farmers/migrant workers accounted for 31.08% , and students accounted for 10.15% . Homosexual transmission accounted for 41.29% , and heterosexual transmission accounted for 51.08% . The cases that were locality census register/high school education or above/unmarried adolescent, and professional for business services and student's homosexual transmission ratio was higher than that of heterosexual transmission. Voluntary counseling and testing was the major detection route which accounted for 16.9%. Conclusion The results showed that the male who aged 15-24 years was the most susceptible population. It is necessary to carry out effective measures to prevent and control HIV/AIDS transmission among young people, especially MSM and out-of-school youth.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria and the control and diagnostic capacities of the medical institutions in Wuhan City,so as to offer the evidence for formulating the surveillance and control strat-egies.Methods From 2008 to 2017,the epidemiological data of imported malaria were collected.The information including gender,age,distribution,vocational background,positive rate of fever patients,and time of final diagnosis was analyzed with the descriptive statistic method.The Plasmodium species composition and infection source were analyzed by chi square test.The initial and confirmed diagnosis abilities of medical institutions were analyzed by rank sum test.Results Totally,424 imported malaria cases were reported,including 301 falciparum malaria cases(70.99％).The male population aged 20 to 49 years was the main morbidity group,and the incidence was not related to seasons.For the parasite species,there was a significant differ-ence between African countries and Southeast Asian countries(Χ 2=205.83,P<0.01).Plasmodium ovale and P.malariae were all imported from sub-Saharan Africa.For diagnostic capacities of the medical institutions at different levels,the initial diag-nosis(Z=-3.89,P<0.01)and confirmed diagnosis(Χ2=53.88,P<0.01)were significantly different,respectively.The abili-ty of malaria diagnosis was improved rapidly in the clinical laboratory after 2008 and achieved to 100％in 2010.The detection rate within 24 hours increased to at least 90％and the detection rate within 6 days decreased to 0 in 2016.Conclusions Al-though the medical institutions in Wuhan City have strong ability to treat imported malaria,they are still faced with a serious sit-uation for malaria control and elimination.The capacity building should be strengthened constantly.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of caspase-3 and iNOS in different intervals and to provide evidence for estimation of injury intervals after brain contusion in human. METHODS: Thirty cases died of serious brain injury were included into the injury groups and 5 cases died of non-brain injury were served as control group. To analyze the changes of caspase-3 and iNOS expression in brain samples at different intervals (2h, 4-8h, 10-14h, 1-2d, 3-5d, 8-11d) by immunohistochemistry and auto-image analysis system. RESULTS: The level of caspase-3 expression started to increase in 2 hours after brain contusion compared to the control group (P<0.05). The level of caspase-3 expression continued to increase in 1-2 days and maintained high level in 3-5 days compared to the control group (P<0.05), then decreased gradually. There was no statistically significant difference between the expression level of iNOS in 2 hours with the control group (P>0.05). But the expression level of iNOS began to increase in 4-8 hours after brain contusion and reached its maximum in 1-2 days, then decreased. Weak expression of iNOS still could be detected in 8-11 days. CONCLUSION The expression of caspase-3 and iNOS can be used as effective evidence for human brain contusion interval.
Adult ; Astrocytes/metabolism* ; Brain/pathology* ; Brain Injuries/pathology* ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Female ; Forensic Pathology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism* ; Staining and Labeling ; Time Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the mechanism of thyroid cytotoxicity mechanism of ammonium perchlorate (AP).

METHODSThyroid cells were cultured in vitro to a certain stage and then exposed to AP (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 mmol/L) in culture solution; the cultured cells and supernatant were collected. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay; cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry; the concentration of thyroglobulin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and so on were measured by colorimetry.

RESULTSThe cells exposed to 60 mmol/L AP for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h had cell viabilities of 74.93%, 42.26%, 2.66%, and 0.99%, respectively, and the cells exposed to 40 mmol/L AP for 24, 48, and 72 h had cell viabilities of 73.15%, 30.91%, and 3.03%, respectively, all significantly lower than that of the control group (100%)(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The overall apoptosis rate of all AP-exposed cells was significantly higher than that of the control group; the cells exposed to 20, 40, and 60 mmol/L AP had early apoptosis rates of 15.70%, 15.84%, and 16.96%, respectively, significantly higher than that of the control group (9.54%)(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); the cells exposed to 60 mmol/L AP had a late apoptosis rate of 16.54%, significantly higher than that of the control group (6.11%)(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The cells exposed to 40 mmol/L AP had a significantly higher LDH activity than the control group (0.70 U/ml vs 0.55 U/ml, P < 0.01). The cells exposed to 5 mmol/L AP had a significantly higher MDA level than the control group (1.08 mmol/L vs 2.36 mmol/L, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAP can markedly change the cell morphology and decrease the cell viability of thyroid cells, which may be because AP inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, and destroys cell membranes. However, AP does not result in significant oxidative damage to thyroid cells.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Oxidative Stress ; Perchlorates ; toxicity ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; toxicity ; Thyroglobulin ; metabolism ; Thyroid Gland ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate and analyze a therapeutic principle and strategy to treat the traumatic instability of sub-axial cervical spine as well as the prognosis assessment.

METHODSAccording to the Allen-Fergurson's classification, 83 patients who suffered from the traumatic instability of sub-axial cervical spine were performed operations depending on the patients's general health, the local pathological anatomy and neurological function, including both the decompression and reconstruction maneuvers through anterior, posterior or combined approach.

RESULTSThe average follow-up was 3 years and 9 months. The distraction-flexion and compression-flexion were the most frequent injury subtypes. There were 46, 28 and 9 operations through anterior, posterior or combined approach respectively. No operation through anterior-posterior-anterior approach occurred. The average scores of JOA, VAS and ASIA motor index improved from 11.2, 7.8 and 53.5 before operation, to 15.3, 2.6 and 67.8 at the final follow-up, respectively. After operation, there were different extent improvements of average radiologic parameter. Fusion was achieved in all patients and 12 complications occurred.

CONCLUSIONSAccording to both the patients's general health and the local pathological anatomy, individual therapeutic designing should be determined to treat the traumatic instability of sub-axial cervical spine.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cervical Vertebrae ; injuries ; surgery ; Decompression, Surgical ; methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Joint Instability ; etiology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion ; methods ; Spinal Injuries ; complications

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of cell-surface nucleolin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated expression and secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in human THP-1 monocytes. METHODS: Immuno-fluorescence assay and Western blot were used to identify the expression of nucleolin on the surface of THP-1 monocytes. Inactivation of nucleolin was induced by anti-nucleolin monoclonal antibody blockage, and the expression and secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were observed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA)respectively in LPS-mediated human THP-1 monocyte inflammatory model. RESULTS: Immuno-fluorescence showed that nucleolin was localized on the cell surface of THP-1 monocytes as indicated by dotted red fluorescence. Western blot assay indicated that nucleolin existed in the cell membrane fractions. RT-PCR assay showed that the expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mRNA significantly increased at 2 h and 3 h after the treatment with 1000 microg/L LPS. After 1 h pretreatment with anti-nucleolin antibody, the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mRNA decreased compared with an anti-nucleolin antibody untreated group and an irrelevant IgG+LPS group (P<0.05). ELISA assay showed that the pretreatment with anti-nucleolin antibody inhibited significantly the secretion of LPS-induced levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta after 4, 12 and 24 h treatment with 1000 microg/L LPS. CONCLUSION Nucleolin expresses on the cell surface of THP-1 monocytes and involves in the LPS-mediated expression and secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.
Cell Line ; Cell Membrane ; metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukin-1beta ; biosynthesis ; metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Monocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; Phosphoproteins ; metabolism ; physiology ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; biosynthesis ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the effect of microglia activation regulated by C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1(CX3CL1)-C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1(CX3CR1)pathway on memory function in hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation rats.Methods The experiment was divided into two parts.In the first part,the rats were randomly divided into sham group,model-0.5 hour group,model-1.5 hour group,model-3 hour group,10 rats in each group.There were differences in the time of hemorrhagic shock among each group.In the second part,rats were randomly divided into control group and CX3CL1 group,10 rats in each group.The rats in CX3CL1 group were treated with CX3CL1 protein factor(intraventricular injection),and the rats in control group were treated with saline.All rats were trained in Morris water maze experiments before model construction,and tests of Morris water maze experiments were carried out after 4 days of model construction.After completion,the whole brains were taken for HE staining and immunohistochemical staining.Cerebrospinal fluid was taken for detection of inflammatory cytokines,and hippocampus tissues were taken for Real-time PCR detection and Western blotting detection.Results Compared with the sham group,the escape latency of rats in model group increased,the number of platform crossings and the resident time in the third quadrant decreased.The neuronal state was impaired in HE staining in model group.In addition,compared with the sham group,the expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(Iba1)in the brain of the rats in model group increased,the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin(IL)-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid increased,and the M1-type microglia markers CD16,TNF-α,IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)mRNA content increased.At the same time,compared with the sham group,the expressions of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the brain of model group decreased,and the expressions of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB(p-NF-κB)and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)increased.However,compared with the control group,rats in CX3CL1 group had reduced escape latency,increased platform crossing times and quadrantⅢresident time,and recovered neuronal states.In addition,the expression of Iba1 in the brain of CX3CL1 group decreased,the contents of TNF-α and IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid decreased,the mRNA contents of M1-type microglia markers like CD16,TNF-α,IL-1β and iNOS decreased,and the mRNA contents of markers of M2-type microglia glial like CD206,transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β),arginase-1(Arg1),Chitinase 3-like protein 1(Ym 1)increased.Conclusion CX3CL1 can help inhibit the excessive activation of microglia,induce the polarization of microglia to M2 type,inhibit the polarization of M1 type,reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines,and alleviate the memory function damage induced by hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation.