Objective To understand the current status of overall management and treatment of garbage and waste water in rural areas of Fujian,and to provide scientific evidence for governments at all levels to make policies in rural sanitation. Methods From September to December,2006,215 villages in 21 counties in Fujian rural areas were selected,and 10 families were sampled and investigated for garbage collection and waste water treatment from each village. Results In the investigated villages,the production of garbage amounted to 40 837.4 tons per month;and domestic and productive garbage accounted for 32.2% and 67.8% of the total,respectively. Among the domestic garbage,23.7% was randomly discharged or stacked,and only 8.5% went through harmless treatment (incineration,composting under high temperature or direct reuse). However,30.7% productive garbage was randomly discharged or stacked,and 37.1% went through harmless treatment. Every month,948 195 tons of waste water was produced in the investigated villages;57.5% of them were domestic and 42.5% were productive. Only 0.6% of the domestic waste water and 33.0% of the productive waste water were treated. Conclusion The rural public health infrastructure building is far lagged,with low rate of harmless treatment of garbage and waste water. Random littering and piling (discharging) garbage are common phenomena in rural areas. Thus,it is urgent to improve rural sanitation development.

How the hosts recognize and clear invading viruses is one of the key issues in molecular immunology. Previous studies uncovered that many early antiviral proteins, such as Type Ⅰ interferons and PKR, are strongly induced upon virus infection. These proteins not only limit virus replication and spread or cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis, but also induce consequently expression of cytokines and chemokines to initiate acquired immunity. However, the immediate-early signaling events among host and virus interaction were largely unknown. In the past few years, there are great breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field. TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathways were shown to play a crucial regulatory role in antiviral processes. These pathways are essential for the vertebrate immune system to recognize and clear RNA virus with different strategies, which are integral parts of innate immune response and directly affect later-stage acquired immunity. The recent know-how on TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signal transduction pathways and their roles in antiviral immunity were summarized.

Aim To study the subtypes distribution of G-proteins and modulation by carbachol and pilocarpine on gene expression in endothelial cells.Methods The rat aorta endothelial cells were cultivated and incubated with carbachol and pilocarpine at the dose of 10~(-4) mol?L~(-1)for 6 h.Then the total RNA was extracted.The mRNA levels of G-protein ? subunits was measured by RT-PCR.Results Gq/11,Gs and Gi mRNA was detected in rat aorta endothelial cells,while G12/13 mRNA was not detected.Carbachol and pilocarpine treatment induced no changes in Gs,Gi and G11 mRNA.Gq mRNA was 72.7% up-regulated by carbachol and unchanged by pilocarpine.Conclusion In all G-protein ? subunits,only Gq mRNA was changed after activation of non-neuronal muscarinic receptor by carbachol.We can conclude that Gq-protein may play an important role in signal transduction of nonneuronal muscarinic receptor.

As hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis have chronic progressive process,the assessment of fibrosis is of great significance for making appropriate treatment.It is divided into two categories,which includes invasive and noninvasive assessing methods.As a noninvasive method,magnetic resonance shows prospect in many aspects.This article is a review of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; etiology ; Birth Weight ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; complications ; Infant, Newborn ; Male

Objective To explore the characteristics of prospective memory impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) at the early and middle stage. Methods Fifteen PD patients at the early and middle stage and 15 normal controls matched with age, sex, education and occupation were asked to complete event-based prospective memory (EBPM) and time-based prospective memory (TBPM) tasks. Results In the EBPM task (points), there was a significant difference between PD patients (3.93±2.69) and normal controls (6.00±2.17, t =-2.318,P <0.05). In the TBPM task(points), there was no significant difference between PD patients (3.47±1.96) and normal controls (3.80±1.70, t= -0.498, P >0.05). Conclusion The EBPM is impaired and the TBPM is relatively spared in early and middle stage PD patients.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Calcinosis ; Colitis ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged

Animals ; Hepatocytes ; transplantation ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; genetics ; surgery ; therapy ; Liver Failure ; surgery

Purpose:To study the effect of amifostine on ef ficacy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC) treated w ith chemotherapy and the protection of amifostine on myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy and to investigate major adverse reaction induced by amfostine. Methods:33 patients with advanced NSCLC were randomly divided i nto protection group (amosfostine + MMC +VDS + DDP) and control group (MMC + VDS + DDP), The regimen was given every 4 weeks , All enrolled patients were evalua ted for efficacy and hematologic toxicity after 3 cycles of treatment , Patients in both groups were well-matched for baseline disease characteristics. Results:In protection group (PG) , the response rate was 40% (1 CR , 5 PR , 6 NC , 3 PD), whereas in control group (CG) , the response rate was 33.3% (0 CR , 5 CR , 8 NC , 2 PD), the differentce of response rates betwee n two the groups was not statistically significant (P=0.705). The minimum wh ite blood cell (WBC) counts after chemotherapy in treatment group and in control group were (3.387?1.169)?109/L and (2.46?0.98)?109/L respectively (P =0.026). The minimum blood platelet cell (BPC) counts in PG and in CG were (11 4.53?48.24)?109 /L and (88.2?32.83)?109 /L respectively (P=0.091) . The minimum hemoglobin (HB) counts in CG and in CG were (94.4?14.69)g/L and (89 .33?13.98)g/L respectively (P=0.341). Grade (Ⅱ-Ⅳ) leukopenia rate in PG and in CG were 66.7% (10/15) and 33.3% (5/15) respectively (P= 0.068), Gr ade (Ⅱ-Ⅳ) thrombocytopenia rate in PG and in CG were 33.3% (5/15) and 20% (3/ 15) respectively (P= 0.409), Grade (Ⅱ-Ⅳ) hypochromia rate in PG and in CG were 53.3% (8/15) and 46.7% (7/15) respectively (P= 0.715). Major ad verse effects of amifostine were mild hypotension , nausea and vomiting , dizzin ess , malaise etc. Conclusions:Amifostine does not reduce the efficacy of chemothe rapy in patients with advanced NSCLC , it can reduce the hematologic toxicity as sociated with chemotherapy of MVP regimen , the adverse effects of amifostine ar e mild.

[Objective]To evaluate the clinical and radiological findings in 56 patients with multilevel lumbar spinal stenosis in pre-and post-surgical treatment. [Method]From 1998 and 2002,56 patients suffering from multilevel lumbar spinal stenosis were included in a retrospective clinical study.Plain radiographs,MRI and/or CT myelograms were obtained preoperatively.The patients were assessed clinically with Oswestry disability index(ODI),visual analog scale(VAS) and the Beaujon functional score.Surgical procedure included wide posterior decompression and fusion using a transpedicular instrumentation system and bone grafts. [Result]After a mean follow-up of 2.2(2~2.6) years,the patients' clinical improvement by ODI,VAS was statistically significant and the Beaujon score was significantly improved(P