How the hosts recognize and clear invading viruses is one of the key issues in molecular immunology. Previous studies uncovered that many early antiviral proteins, such as Type Ⅰ interferons and PKR, are strongly induced upon virus infection. These proteins not only limit virus replication and spread or cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis, but also induce consequently expression of cytokines and chemokines to initiate acquired immunity. However, the immediate-early signaling events among host and virus interaction were largely unknown. In the past few years, there are great breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field. TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathways were shown to play a crucial regulatory role in antiviral processes. These pathways are essential for the vertebrate immune system to recognize and clear RNA virus with different strategies, which are integral parts of innate immune response and directly affect later-stage acquired immunity. The recent know-how on TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signal transduction pathways and their roles in antiviral immunity were summarized.

As hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis have chronic progressive process,the assessment of fibrosis is of great significance for making appropriate treatment.It is divided into two categories,which includes invasive and noninvasive assessing methods.As a noninvasive method,magnetic resonance shows prospect in many aspects.This article is a review of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Aim To study the subtypes distribution of G-proteins and modulation by carbachol and pilocarpine on gene expression in endothelial cells.Methods The rat aorta endothelial cells were cultivated and incubated with carbachol and pilocarpine at the dose of 10~(-4) mol?L~(-1)for 6 h.Then the total RNA was extracted.The mRNA levels of G-protein ? subunits was measured by RT-PCR.Results Gq/11,Gs and Gi mRNA was detected in rat aorta endothelial cells,while G12/13 mRNA was not detected.Carbachol and pilocarpine treatment induced no changes in Gs,Gi and G11 mRNA.Gq mRNA was 72.7% up-regulated by carbachol and unchanged by pilocarpine.Conclusion In all G-protein ? subunits,only Gq mRNA was changed after activation of non-neuronal muscarinic receptor by carbachol.We can conclude that Gq-protein may play an important role in signal transduction of nonneuronal muscarinic receptor.

Objective To understand the current status of overall management and treatment of garbage and waste water in rural areas of Fujian,and to provide scientific evidence for governments at all levels to make policies in rural sanitation. Methods From September to December,2006,215 villages in 21 counties in Fujian rural areas were selected,and 10 families were sampled and investigated for garbage collection and waste water treatment from each village. Results In the investigated villages,the production of garbage amounted to 40 837.4 tons per month;and domestic and productive garbage accounted for 32.2% and 67.8% of the total,respectively. Among the domestic garbage,23.7% was randomly discharged or stacked,and only 8.5% went through harmless treatment (incineration,composting under high temperature or direct reuse). However,30.7% productive garbage was randomly discharged or stacked,and 37.1% went through harmless treatment. Every month,948 195 tons of waste water was produced in the investigated villages;57.5% of them were domestic and 42.5% were productive. Only 0.6% of the domestic waste water and 33.0% of the productive waste water were treated. Conclusion The rural public health infrastructure building is far lagged,with low rate of harmless treatment of garbage and waste water. Random littering and piling (discharging) garbage are common phenomena in rural areas. Thus,it is urgent to improve rural sanitation development.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; etiology ; Birth Weight ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; complications ; Infant, Newborn ; Male

Objective To explore the characteristics of prospective memory impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) at the early and middle stage. Methods Fifteen PD patients at the early and middle stage and 15 normal controls matched with age, sex, education and occupation were asked to complete event-based prospective memory (EBPM) and time-based prospective memory (TBPM) tasks. Results In the EBPM task (points), there was a significant difference between PD patients (3.93±2.69) and normal controls (6.00±2.17, t =-2.318,P <0.05). In the TBPM task(points), there was no significant difference between PD patients (3.47±1.96) and normal controls (3.80±1.70, t= -0.498, P >0.05). Conclusion The EBPM is impaired and the TBPM is relatively spared in early and middle stage PD patients.

Restriction endonucleases are important molecular biology tools for DNA recombination.Because of the cleavage of DNA,their recombinant expression is difficult with low yields and complicated purification processes.In commercial productions,the technology that uses specific methylases to protect host DNA from digestion of the expressed restriction enzymes was cumbersome and practically limited.For solving this problem the expression of restriction enzyme Not Ⅰ was performed by using the DNA methylase M.Sss Ⅰ derived from Spiroplasma sp.MQ1 which specifically kept CpG sequence methylated.The methylated DNA was protected from the cutting of Not Ⅰ whose recognition sequence contained CpG.The gene of methylase M.Sss Ⅰ was introduced into Escherichia coli ER2566 and constitutively expressed,resulting in the CpG methylation pattern of the host DNA.Restriction enzyme Not Ⅰ was successfully expressed in this E.coli strain.Furthermore,by adding a purification tag to one terminus of the enzyme,recombinant Not Ⅰ was prepared as a highly purified and active product through two simple Ni-affinity and anion exchange chromatography steps.This expression system can be applied for the preparation of a series of restriction enzymes with CpG in their recognition sequences.

Objective To observe the effect of Compound Fuling Gancao Decoction(CFGD) on transforming growth factor ?1(TGF-?1) in pulmonary artery of rats with pulmonary hypertension(PH),and to explore its therapeutic mechanism for PH and pulmonary vascular remodeling.Methods Thirty SD male rats were randomized into the normal control group,model group,and CFGD(5.46g?kg-1?d-1) group.PH rats models were induced by intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline(50mg/kg).The mean pulmonary artery pressure(MPAP) in rats was detected with the method of right cardiac catheterization,right ventricular hypertrophy index was calculated,histological changes of lung small artery were analyzed with pathological image analysis,and TGF-?1 expression in pulmonary artery was detected by immunohistochemical method.Results MPAP and right ventricular hypertrophy index were enhanced obviously,the number of muscular arteries and partially-muscular arteries was increased,ratio of media area and luminal thickness in the muscular arteries became bigger,and TGF-?1 expression in pulmonary artery of the model group was increased.The above indexes were improved in CFGD group.Conclusion CFGD is effective on decreasing pulmonary pressure and improving pulmonary vascular remodeling,and its mechanism is probably related with the inhibition of TGF-?1 expression in pulmonary artery.

0.05) while other indicators did not. All the data were simply related to each other. The primary influencing factors to NDS score 1, in decreasing order of impact were volume of infarction, position of infarction, hs-CRP and FBS. While the primary influencing factors to NDS score 3 at the end of 1 month treatment, in decreasing order of impact, were NDS score 1, size of infarction, FG, hs-CRP and TC. Conclusions Volume of infarction and hs-CRP are very important determining factors in both NDS score 1 at the beginning of the treatment and NDS score 3 at the end of 1 month treatment. However, in determining NDS score 3 at the end of 1 month treatment, the impact of FG is greater than hs-CRP. The other influencing factors include FBS, TC and so on. Therefore we conclude that it is helpful to recover from neurologic deficit through lowing these influencing factors directly by medication.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of flupentixol and melitracen(deanxit)combined with trimebutine maleate(TMB)in the treatment of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGID).Methods 135 patients with FGID were selected,and were divided into two groups accorded to the random number method,with 68 cases in the observation group and 67 cases in the control group.The control group was treated with oryzanol and vitamin B6 ,while the observation group was treated with deanxit combine with TMB on the basis of the control group. Main symptoms of postprandial discomfort,early satiety,abdominal pain and burning sensation on the abdomen in the two groups before and after treatment were monitored,adverse reactions of two groups were recorded,and the total efficacy was evaluated after the end of treatment.Results The difference of postprandial discomfort,early satiety, abdominal pain and upper abdominal burning sensation integration between the two groups had no statistically significant before treatment(all P >0.05).After treatment,the postprandial discomfort,early satiety,the abdominal pain and epigastric burning sensation were (4.1 ±1.6)points,(3.4 ±1.1)points,(4.2 ±1.2)points and(4.4 ± 0.7)points in the observation group,which were better than (5.9 ±2.4)points,(5.3 ±1.6 )points,(6.0 ± 1.2)points and(6.1 ±0.5)points in the control group(t =3.057,4.791,5.196,9.681,all P <0.05).The total efficacy was 94.1%(64 /68)in the observation group,which was better than 77.6%(52 /67)in the control group(χ2 =7.603,P <0.05).The difference of adverse reaction rates between the two groups had no statistically significant(P >0.05).Conclusion Deanxit combine with TMB can significantly improve symptoms in patients with FGID,and has a significant effect,thus it is a safe and effective therapy.