BACKGROUND/AIMS: Venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) are common events in patients with advanced cancer. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of VTEs in advanced pancreatic and biliary tract cancer to determine the clinical significance, especially in palliative settings. METHODS: Seventy-nine patients with advanced pancreatic cancer or biliary tract cancer who had thromboembolic events were retrospectively reviewed. We investigated the correlation between clinical course and thromboembolic events, and the laboratory risk factors, such as complete blood count profile. RESULTS: The 79 patients consisted of 40 men (50.6%) and 39 women (49.4%) with a median age of 65 years old (range: 41–80). Forty-three patients (54.4%), had thromboembolic events without any symptoms. Pulmonary thromboembolism occurred in only 31 cases (39.2%), and combined thrombosis at more than two sites occurred in 17 cases (21.5%). Of the 51 patients with active chemotherapy, 45 showed progressive disease. The median survival times were 11.9 weeks in all patients, 15.3 weeks in the treatment group, and 3.4 weeks in the palliative group. There was no difference in survival time between patients treated with dalteparin only and those treated with dalteparin combined with thrombolytic intervention. CONCLUSIONS: VTE can be poor prognostic indicator in pancreatic and biliary tract cacner patients, suggestive of progressive disease and a sign of short life expectancy, requiring hospice and terminal care.
Biliary Tract Neoplasms* ; Biliary Tract* ; Biomarkers* ; Blood Cell Count ; Dalteparin ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Hospices ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Terminal Care ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thromboembolism

Background/Aims: Lymphocytes are an important component of the cell-mediated immune system. As lymphopenia is reportedly associated with poor prognoses in patients with various cancers, we investigated this notion in patients who underwent curative gastrectomy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the association between absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and prognosis in patients with stage I–III gastric cancer who underwent curative surgical resection. Ever lymphopenic patients were defined as those with ALCs < 1,000/μL at any time post-diagnosis except within 30 days post-surgery. Adjusted multivariable regression models were used to evaluate the associations between lymphopenia and overall mortality, gastric cancer-specific mortality, and disease-free survival. Results: We investigated 1,222 patients diagnosed between January 2011 and December 2015. Fifty-six patients (4.6%) were lymphopenic at diagnosis and nearly one-quarter (24.8%) were ever lymphopenic with a mean minimum ALC of 640/μL. Older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.02) and higher stage (stage III vs. I; OR, 3.01) were positively associated with ever lymphopenia. On multivariable analysis, ever lymphopenia predicted higher overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.83; p = 0.008), higher gastric cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.58; p = 0.048), and shorter disease-free survival (HR, 1.83; p = 0.006). The 5-year gastric cancer-specific mortality rates for ever- and never lymphopenic patients were 10.9% and 3.7%, respectively; their 5-year cumulative recurrence rates were 15.1% and 4.6%, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrate that ever lymphopenia is independent prognostic factor for overall mortality and recurrence in patients with potentially curable gastric cancer; hence, ALCs may be a biomarker for predicting the prognoses of patients with stage I–III gastric cancer who had curative gastrectomy.

Purpose: Use of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors improved survival outcome of hormone receptor (HR) positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, including Asian population. However, Asian real-world data of palbociclib is limited. We analyzed the real-world clinical practice patterns and outcome in HR-positive, MBC Asian patients treated with palbociclib. Materials and Methods: Between April 2017 to November 2019, 169 HR-positive, human epidermal growth factor-2–negative MBC patients treated with letrozole or fulvestrant plus palbocilib were enrolled from eight institutions. Survival outcome (progression-free survival [PFS]), treatment response and toxicity profiles were analyzed. Results: Median age of letrozole plus palbociclib (145 patients, 85.8%) and fulvestrant plus palbociclib (24 patients, 14.2%) was 58 and 53.5 years, with median follow-up duration of 14.63 months (range 0.2 to 33.9 months). Median PFS (mPFS) of letrozole plus palbociclib and fulvestrant plus palbociclib was 25.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.1 to not reached) and 6.37 months (95% CI, 5.33 to not reached), comparable to previous phase 3 trials. In letrozole plus palbociclib arm, luminal A (hazard ratio, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.20 to 6.80; p=0.017) and patients with good performance (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0-1 [hazard ratio, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.70 to 7.96]) showed better mPFS. In fulvestrant plus palbociclib group, chemotherapy naïve patients showed better mPFS (hazard ratio, 12.51, 95% CI, 1.59 to 99.17; p=0.017). The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse event was neutropenia (letrozole 86.3%, fulvestrant 88.3%). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first real-world data of palbociclib reported in Asia. Palbociclib showed comparable benefit to previous phase 3 trials in Asian patients during daily clinical practice.

Purpose: Use of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors improved survival outcome of hormone receptor (HR) positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, including Asian population. However, Asian real-world data of palbociclib is limited. We analyzed the real-world clinical practice patterns and outcome in HR-positive, MBC Asian patients treated with palbociclib. Materials and Methods: Between April 2017 to November 2019, 169 HR-positive, human epidermal growth factor-2–negative MBC patients treated with letrozole or fulvestrant plus palbocilib were enrolled from eight institutions. Survival outcome (progression-free survival [PFS]), treatment response and toxicity profiles were analyzed. Results: Median age of letrozole plus palbociclib (145 patients, 85.8%) and fulvestrant plus palbociclib (24 patients, 14.2%) was 58 and 53.5 years, with median follow-up duration of 14.63 months (range 0.2 to 33.9 months). Median PFS (mPFS) of letrozole plus palbociclib and fulvestrant plus palbociclib was 25.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.1 to not reached) and 6.37 months (95% CI, 5.33 to not reached), comparable to previous phase 3 trials. In letrozole plus palbociclib arm, luminal A (hazard ratio, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.20 to 6.80; p=0.017) and patients with good performance (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0-1 [hazard ratio, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.70 to 7.96]) showed better mPFS. In fulvestrant plus palbociclib group, chemotherapy naïve patients showed better mPFS (hazard ratio, 12.51, 95% CI, 1.59 to 99.17; p=0.017). The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse event was neutropenia (letrozole 86.3%, fulvestrant 88.3%). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first real-world data of palbociclib reported in Asia. Palbociclib showed comparable benefit to previous phase 3 trials in Asian patients during daily clinical practice.

Background/Aims: Lymphocytes are an important component of the cell-mediated immune system. As lymphopenia is reportedly associated with poor prognoses in patients with various cancers, we investigated this notion in patients who underwent curative gastrectomy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the association between absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and prognosis in patients with stage I–III gastric cancer who underwent curative surgical resection. Ever lymphopenic patients were defined as those with ALCs < 1,000/μL at any time post-diagnosis except within 30 days post-surgery. Adjusted multivariable regression models were used to evaluate the associations between lymphopenia and overall mortality, gastric cancer-specific mortality, and disease-free survival. Results: We investigated 1,222 patients diagnosed between January 2011 and December 2015. Fifty-six patients (4.6%) were lymphopenic at diagnosis and nearly one-quarter (24.8%) were ever lymphopenic with a mean minimum ALC of 640/μL. Older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.02) and higher stage (stage III vs. I; OR, 3.01) were positively associated with ever lymphopenia. On multivariable analysis, ever lymphopenia predicted higher overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.83; p = 0.008), higher gastric cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.58; p = 0.048), and shorter disease-free survival (HR, 1.83; p = 0.006). The 5-year gastric cancer-specific mortality rates for ever- and never lymphopenic patients were 10.9% and 3.7%, respectively; their 5-year cumulative recurrence rates were 15.1% and 4.6%, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrate that ever lymphopenia is independent prognostic factor for overall mortality and recurrence in patients with potentially curable gastric cancer; hence, ALCs may be a biomarker for predicting the prognoses of patients with stage I–III gastric cancer who had curative gastrectomy.

Purpose: Frequent neutropenia hinders uninterrupted palbociclib treatment in patients with hormone receptor (HR)–positive breast cancer. We compared the efficacy outcomes in multicenter cohorts of patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC) receiving palbociclib following conventional dose modification or limited modified schemes for afebrile grade 3 neutropenia. Materials and Methods: Patients with HR-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative mBC (n=434) receiving palbociclib with letrozole as first-line therapy were analyzed and classified based on neutropenia grade and afebrile grade 3 neutropenia management as follows: group 1 (maintained palbociclib dose, limited scheme), group 2 (dose delay or reduction, conventional scheme), group 3 (no afebrile grade 3 neutropenia event), and group 4 (grade 4 neutropenia event). The primary and secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) between groups 1 and 2 and PFS, overall survival, and safety profiles among all groups. Results: During follow-up (median 23.7 months), group 1 (2-year PFS, 67.9%) showed significantly longer PFS than did group 2 (2-year PFS, 55.3%; p=0.036), maintained across all subgroups, and upon adjustment of the factors. Febrile neutropenia occurred in one and two patients of group 1 and group 2, respectively, without mortality. Conclusion Limited dose modification for palbociclib-related grade 3 neutropenia may lead to longer PFS, without increasing toxicity, than the conventional dose scheme.

Purpose: Isoform 2 of tight junction protein claudin-18 (CLDN18.2) is a potential target for gastric cancer treatment. A treatment targeting CLDN18.2 has shown promising results in gastric cancer. We investigated the clinical significance of CLDN18.2 and other cell-adherens junction molecules (Rho GTPase-activating protein [RhoGAP] and E-cadherin) in metastatic diffuse-type gastric cancer (mDGC). Materials and Methods: We evaluated CLDN18.2, RhoGAP, and E-cadherin expression using two-plex immunofluorescence and quantitative data analysis of H-scores of 77 consecutive mDGC patients who received first-line platinum-based chemotherapy between March 2015 and February 2017. Results: CLDN18.2 and E-cadherin expression was significantly lower in patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) than those without PM at the time of diagnosis (P=0.010 and 0.013, respectively), whereas it was significantly higher in patients who never developed PM from diagnosis to death than in those who did (P=0.001 and 0.003, respectively). Meanwhile, CLDN18.2 and E-cadherin expression levels were significantly higher in patients with bone metastasis than in those without bone metastasis (P=0.010 and 0.001, respectively).Moreover, we identified a positive correlation between the expression of CLDN18.2 and E-cadherin (P<0.001), RhoGAP and CLDN18.2 (P=0.004), and RhoGAP and E-cadherin (P=0.001). Conversely, CLDN18.2, RhoGAP, and E-cadherin expression was not associated with chemotherapy response and survival. Conclusions CLDN18.2 expression was reduced in patients with PM but significantly intactin those with bone metastasis. Furthermore, CLDN18.2 expression was positively correlated with other adherens junction molecules, which is clinically associated with mDGC and PM pathogenesis.