PURPOSE: This research was a descriptive study of nursing activities observed in nursing simulation during a senior nursing student practicum. Content and frequencies of nursing activities during the simulation practice were identified. METHODS: Thirty-six episodes of pediatric nursing simulation were videotaped. Both verbalizations and descriptions of nonverbal behaviors were recorded from the videotapes. The data were coded and analyzed. The coded nursing activities were evaluated for frequency and purpose of interaction. RESULTS: Average time per simulation episodes was 27 minutes and ranged from 3.30 to 32.54 minutes. Nursing activities in these simulation episodes included nursing assessments such as vital sign measurement, associated symptom assessment, and check of patient condition, nursing interventions such as medication, tepid water massage, fluid therapy, provision of oxygen, suctioning, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia management, communication such as parent education, procedure guidance, and communication among providers. Activities in assessment were most frequent, and among them, vital sign measurement and check of patient condition were more frequent than others. CONCLUSION: Students showed enhanced nursing activities such as more frequent nursing assessment, communication and interventions in their simulation experience. Therefore simulation experience can be considered as one strategies to provide nursing students with better and more intense practicum experience.
Education, Nursing ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypoglycemia ; Massage ; Nursing Assessment ; Oxygen ; Parents ; Patient Simulation ; Pediatric Nursing ; Students, Nursing ; Suction ; Symptom Assessment ; Videotape Recording ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: To analyze the reasons for glaucoma evaluation and distribution of new patients visiting the glaucoma department. METHODS: In a retrospective study, 330 new patients underwent ocular examination using Goldmann applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, optic disc analysis, optical coherence tomography, and Humphrey perimeter under suspicion of glaucoma for the first time in the Glaucoma Department from January 2013 to December 2013. We analyzed the reasons and their diagnostic outcomes. RESULTS: The reasons for glaucoma evaluation were health screening (103 patients, 32.49%), other symptoms (102 patients, 31.55%), known glaucoma (56 patients, 17.67%), pre-refractive surgery evaluation (31 patients, 9.78%), family history (19 patients, 5.99%), and high myopia (6 patients, 1.89%). The diagnostic outcomes were as follows: glaucoma (139 patients, 43.85%), glaucoma suspect (60 patients, 18.93%), ocular hypertension (9 patients, 2.84%), neither glaucoma nor ocular hypertension (79 patients, 24.92%), normal (30 patients, 9.46%). The percentages of confirmed glaucoma according to the reasons for glaucoma evaluation were as follows: health screening, 26.21%; other symptoms, 40.20%; known glaucoma, 85.71%; pre-refractive surgery evaluation, 58.06%; family history, 15.79% and high myopia, 33.33%. CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for glaucoma evaluation were diverse. Glaucoma was confirmed in 43.85% of the patients and the predicted value of positive test for glaucoma including glaucoma suspect and ocular hypertension was 65.62%.
Glaucoma* ; Gonioscopy ; Humans ; Manometry ; Mass Screening ; Myopia ; Ocular Hypertension ; Outpatients* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

Objectives: This study aimed to objectively evaluate factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders by measuring the range of motion of the cervical spine. Using three-dimensional motion analysis, the degree of flexion, lateral flexion and rotation were compared between dental hygiene students and dental hygienists during dental scaling. Methods: Muscle activity in the range of motion of the cervical vertebrae was measured in 35 dental hygiene students and 15 dental hygienists while scaling. Data were collected and processed using the biofeedback exercise function of the 2EM (4D-MT, Relive, Gimhae, Korea), an electromyography measuring device. A three-dimensional motion analysis sensor was attached to the subject’s right external auditory canal, and the joint angle was measured at 20 Hz. Results: Cervical flexion (15°-45°) was measured higher in dental hygienists than in students.Cervical flexion within 15° of the normal range was higher in students than in dental hygienists. For cervical lateral flexion of 15°-45° and >45°, dental hygienists measured higher than students. In contrast, cervical lateral flexion within 15° of the normal range was higher among students than dental hygienists. Cervical rotation (15°-45°) was measured higher in dental hygienists than in students. No dental hygienist’s cervical rotation measured over 45°, and more students reached the 45° measurement than dental hygienists. Conclusions Flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation were measured higher in dental hygienists then dental hygiene students. The results indicated that the range of motion of the cervical spine in the two groups exceeded the average scores for normal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation by more than 15°, thereby increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.

Objectives: This study aimed to objectively evaluate factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders by measuring the range of motion of the cervical spine. Using three-dimensional motion analysis, the degree of flexion, lateral flexion and rotation were compared between dental hygiene students and dental hygienists during dental scaling. Methods: Muscle activity in the range of motion of the cervical vertebrae was measured in 35 dental hygiene students and 15 dental hygienists while scaling. Data were collected and processed using the biofeedback exercise function of the 2EM (4D-MT, Relive, Gimhae, Korea), an electromyography measuring device. A three-dimensional motion analysis sensor was attached to the subject’s right external auditory canal, and the joint angle was measured at 20 Hz. Results: Cervical flexion (15°-45°) was measured higher in dental hygienists than in students.Cervical flexion within 15° of the normal range was higher in students than in dental hygienists. For cervical lateral flexion of 15°-45° and >45°, dental hygienists measured higher than students. In contrast, cervical lateral flexion within 15° of the normal range was higher among students than dental hygienists. Cervical rotation (15°-45°) was measured higher in dental hygienists than in students. No dental hygienist’s cervical rotation measured over 45°, and more students reached the 45° measurement than dental hygienists. Conclusions Flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation were measured higher in dental hygienists then dental hygiene students. The results indicated that the range of motion of the cervical spine in the two groups exceeded the average scores for normal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation by more than 15°, thereby increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.

No abstract available.
Graves Disease* ; Hypothyroidism*

No abstract available.
Pregnancy*

No abstract available.
Consensus ; Hyperthyroidism ; Thyroid Gland

Metronidazole is an antimicrobial agent widely used for the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, and anaerobic bacterial infections. It has been reported that metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity is associated with responsible lesions on brain MRI. We report 2 patients with metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity, who had no responsible lesions on brain MRI for their neurological deficits. The pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.
Amebiasis ; Bacterial Infections ; Brain ; Giardiasis ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Metronidazole

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to find an independent relationship between waist circumference/waist-to-hip ratio which estimates abdominal fat and fasting insulin/atherogenic index which is a predictor of coronary heart disease in obese women. METHODS: The subjects were 80 obese (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) women. Whole body fat was estimated by body fat mass, % body fat using bioelectrical impedence, and by BMI. Abdominal fat was measured by waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio. Fasting insulin was examined and atherogenic index was defined asthe ratio of serum total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol. Independent association between abdominal fat and insulin/AI was analyzed using partial correlation, multiple regression and Hotelling t-test. RESULTS: Among subjects, 85.7% of obese women had WC greater or equal to 80 cm. The mean BMI was 30.3 kg/m2. The partial correlations between whole body fat and insulin/AI were not significantly different from the partial correlations between abdominal fat and insulin/AI. When age and height were adjusted, partial correlations between abdominal fat and insulin were 0.38 and 0.39. The partial correlations were reduced to 0.15-0.29 after further adjusting for whole body fat. Age and height-adjusted partial correlations between abdominal fat and AI were 0.34 and 0.36. The partial correlations were reduced to 0.11-0.17 when whole body fat was additionally adjusted. Whole body fat explained 9.9-13.7% for variability of insulin; abdominal fat explained 14.2% and 15.9%. Whole body fat explained 12.5-12.8% for variability of AI and abdominal fat explained 11.9%. CONCLUSION: Most of the obese women showed abdominal obesity. Abdominal fat did not seem to be independently associated with fasting insulin and atherogenic index.
Abdominal Fat* ; Adipose Tissue ; Cholesterol ; Coronary Disease ; Fasting ; Female* ; Humans ; Insulin* ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

BACKGROUND: Interest in pharmacist participation in the multidisciplinary intensive care team is increasing. However, studies examining pharmacist interventions in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) are limited in Korea. The aim of this study was to describe the current status of pharmacist interventions and to identify common pharmacologic problems requiring pharmacist intervention in the MICU. METHODS: Between September 2013 and August 2014, a retrospective, observational study was conducted in the 22-bed MICU at a university hospital. Data were obtained from two trained pharmacists who participated in MICU rounds three times a week. In addition to patient characteristics, data on the cause, type, related drug, and acceptance rate of interventions were collected. RESULTS: In 340 patients, a total of 1211 pharmacologic interventions were performed. The majority of pharmacologic interventions were suggested by pharmacists at multidisciplinary rounds in the MICU. The most common pharmacologic interventions were adjustment of dosage and administration (n = 328, 26.0%), followed by parenteral/enteral nutritional support (n = 228, 18.1%), the provision of drug information (n = 228, 18.1%), and advice regarding pharmacokinetics (n = 118, 9.3%). Antimicrobial agents (n = 516, 42.6%) were the most frequent type of drug associated with pharmacist interventions. The acceptance rate of interventions was 84.1% with most accepted by physicians within 24 hours (n = 602, 92.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Medication and nutritional problems are frequently encountered pharmacotherapeutic problems in the MICU. Pharmacist interventions play an important role in the management of these problems.
Anti-Infective Agents ; Humans ; Critical Care ; Intensive Care Units* ; Korea ; Nutritional Support ; Observational Study ; Pharmacists* ; Pharmacokinetics ; Retrospective Studies