Objective To evaluate modified laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LRPLND) performed for stage Ⅰ nonseminomatous germ cell tumor.Methods Between December 1993 and January 1996, modified unilateral laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was performed on 13 patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis. In 8 patients, the tumor was on the right side, and in 5, on the left. Results The procedure was completed in 12 patients at a mean operating time of 292 min (range: 210-400 min). The mean estimated blood loss was 250 ml. The mean hospital stay was 6.4 days. Conversion to open surgery was required in one patient because of an uncontrollable venous bleeding. No other major complications occurred. Antegrade ejaculation was preserved in 10 patients, and the last 3 patients have not yet been addressed now.Conclusions Our results demonstrate that LRPLND is an accurate and reliable staging procedure with low morbidity, which allows quick patient discharge and rapid return to normal activity. For further evaluation, long follow-up in larger groups of patients is required.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is one of the deadliest subtypes of stroke, and no treatment is currently available. One of the major risk factors is tobacco use. In this article, we review literature on how tobacco use affects the risk of sICH and also summarize the known effects of tobacco use on outcomes following sICH. Several studies demonstrate that the risk of sICH is higher in current cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. The literature also establishes that cigarette smoking not only increases the risk of sICH but also increases hematoma growth, results in worse outcomes, and increases the risk of death from sICH. This review also discusses potential mechanisms activated by tobacco use which result in an increase in risk and severity of sICH. Exploring the underlying mechanisms may help alleviate the risk of sICH in tobacco users as well as may help better manage tobacco user sICH patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of ischemic (ICM) and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) is conventionally determined by the presence or absence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the setting of a reduced left systolic function. However the presence of CAD may not always indicate that the actual left ventricular (LV) dysfunction mechanism is ischemia, as other non-ischemic etiologies can be responsible. We investigated patterns of myocardial fibrosis using delayed hyperenhancement (DHE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in ICM and NICM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with systolic heart failure who underwent a CMR were prospectively analyzed. The heart failure diagnosis was based on the modified Framingham criteria and LVEF <35%. LV dysfunction was classified as ICM or NICM based on coronary anatomy. RESULTS: A total of 101 subjects were analyzed; 34 were classified as ICM and 67 as NICM. The DHE pattern was concordant with the conventional diagnosis in 27 (79.4%) of the patients with ICM and 62 (92.5%) of the patients with NCIM. A discordant NICM DHE pattern was present in 8.8% of patients with ICM, and an ICM pattern was detected 6.0% of the patients with NICM. Furthermore, 11.8% of the patients with ICM and 1.5% of those with NICM demonstrated a mixed pattern. CONCLUSION: A subset of patients conventionally diagnosed with ICM or NICM based on coronary anatomy demonstrated a discordant or mixed DHE pattern. CMR-DHE imaging can be helpful to determine the etiology of heart failure in patients with persistent LV systolic dysfunction.
Cardiac Imaging Techniques ; Cardiomyopathies* ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Diagnosis ; Fibrosis ; Heart Failure ; Heart Failure, Systolic ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Prospective Studies