Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions from Stachys sieboldii Miq., and to examine its effect on the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) production and genomic DNA oxidation in HT-1080 cells.Methods: The ROS generation induced by H2O2 was measured by the dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay. GSH levels were measured using a fluorescent method with mBBr. Genomic DNA oxidative damage was measured with levels of oxidative DNA induced by the reaction of ferritin with H2O2.Results: Then-hexane, 85％ aqueous methanol andn-butanol fractions (0.05 mg/mL concentrations) inhibited H2O2-induced ROS generation by 63％, 35％ and 45％, respectively. GSH levels were significantly increased in both acetone+methylene chloride and methanol extracts (P<0.05). Supplementation of cells withn-hexane significantly increased GSH levels at concentrations of 0.05 mg/mL (P<0.05). Both the acetone+methylene chloride and methanol extracts, as well as all fractions significantly inhibited oxidative DNA damage (P<0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that cellular oxidation was inhibited by then-hexane fraction and this fraction may contain valuable active compounds.

Researchers have an ethical responsibility to report the results of research involving human subjects. Dissemination of results ensures that patient care is based on good science and that the field of medicine advances based on complete and accurate knowledge. However, current evidence suggests that publication is often neglected or substantially delayed, especially in the case of negative and inconclusive results. Researchers, editors and reviewers should value all high-quality research regardless of the conclusiveness of the results and ensure that all research involving human subjects is registered in a publicly accessible database.
Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics ; *Ethics, Research ; Human Experimentation/*ethics ; Publishing/*ethics ; Republic of Korea ; *Research Report ; Research Subjects

No abstract available.
Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Cross Infection/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data ; Global Health/*trends ; Humans ; Incidence ; Population Surveillance/methods ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology

This paper aims to investigate whether good governance of a recipient country is a necessary condition and what combinations of factors including governance factor are sufficient for low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in HIV/AIDS aid recipient countries during the period of 2002-2010. For this, Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) was used. Nine potential attributes for a causal configuration for low HIV/AIDS prevalence were identified through a review of previous studies. For each factor, full membership, full non-membership, and crossover point were specified using both author's knowledge and statistical information of the variables. Calibration and conversion to a fuzzy-set score were conducted using Fs/QCA 2.0 and probabilistic tests for necessary and sufficiency were performed by STATA 11. The result suggested that governance is the necessary condition for low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in a recipient country. From sufficiency test, two pathways were resulted. The low level of governance can lead to low level of HIV/AIDS prevalence when it is combined with other favorable factors, especially, low economic inequality, high economic development and high health expenditure. However, strengthening governance is a more practical measure to keep low prevalence of HIV/AIDS because it is hard to achieve both economic development and economic quality. This study highlights that a comprehensive policy measure is the key for achieving low prevalence of HIV/AIDS in recipient country.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Computer Simulation ; Developing Countries/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Economic Development/statistics & numerical data ; Fraud/economics/*statistics & numerical data ; Fuzzy Logic ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors

Cosmetic lateral canthoplasty, in which the size of the eye is increased by extending the palpebral fissure and decreasing the degree of the eye slant, has become a prevalent procedure for East Asians. However, it is not uncommon for there to be complications or unfavorable results after the surgery. With this in mind, the authors have designed a surgical method to reduce complications in cosmetic lateral canthoplasty by preserving the lateral canthal angle. We discuss here the anatomy required for surgery, the surgical methods, and methods for reducing complications during cosmetic lateral canthoplasty.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus ; Methods

BACKGROUND: The presence of an epicanthal fold is a distinctive characteristic of the eyelids in Asian population. Various medial epicanthoplasty techniques have been introduced to achieve aesthetic appearance. The objective of this article is to describe our modification of the previously performed medial epicanthoplasty procedures, minimizing deterioration of the original ciliary position and maximizing natural appearance. METHODS: From December of 2011 to February of 2013, total 386 patients with epicanthal folds have undergone medial epicanthoplasties using modified skin redraping method. The design of a new medial epicanthus, subciliary line of the lower eyelid and supratarsal fold line is crucial to this method. Intramuscular dissection and myotomy of the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle are necessary to obtain natural eyelid position. RESULTS: Most of the patients showed satisfactory results aesthetically during the follow up period; from 3 months to 12 months, a mean of 7.5 months postoperatively. There was no recurrence of the epicanthal fold. There was not any patient who complained about postoperative complications including ectropion and visible scars around the medial canthal area. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that medial epicanthoplasty using a modified skin redraping method is reliable and feasible procedure to correct epicanthal fold maintaining natural eyelid appearance.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cicatrix ; Ectropion ; Eyelids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Muscles ; Postoperative Complications ; Recurrence ; Skin*

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and satisfaction of an online global health education course for medical students in comparison with an in-person of the course and to assess students’ preferences regarding online methods of delivery. Methods: Second-year medical students enrolled in this course in 2019 (in-person) and 2020 (online). The attendance rate, satisfaction in the course evaluation survey, and academic achievement on the written final examination were utilized to compare the two different methods of course delivery. The medical students who took the online course were also asked about their preferences regarding the method of course delivery and the advantages and drawbacks of each method of online lectures. Results: There was no significant difference in the attendance rate and overall satisfaction between the two groups. The mean score on the written examination of the online course (84.1±19.6) showed comparable effects to the in-person course (78.0±18.3). The percentages of students who achieved high performance (55.5%) and the achieved minimum requirement (95.9%) were also maintained compared to the in-person course (14.6% and 93.6%, respectively). Medical students preferred the online course to the in-person course; in particular, they preferred prerecorded videos over live streaming online lectures. Conclusion The participation, satisfaction, and the academic achievement of the online course were comparable to those of the in-person course. However, the greatest drawback of the online course was the lack of interaction between peer learners. Therefore, diverse methods for online education should be considered to increase students’ sense of belonging to a learning community.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and satisfaction of an online global health education course for medical students in comparison with an in-person of the course and to assess students’ preferences regarding online methods of delivery. Methods: Second-year medical students enrolled in this course in 2019 (in-person) and 2020 (online). The attendance rate, satisfaction in the course evaluation survey, and academic achievement on the written final examination were utilized to compare the two different methods of course delivery. The medical students who took the online course were also asked about their preferences regarding the method of course delivery and the advantages and drawbacks of each method of online lectures. Results: There was no significant difference in the attendance rate and overall satisfaction between the two groups. The mean score on the written examination of the online course (84.1±19.6) showed comparable effects to the in-person course (78.0±18.3). The percentages of students who achieved high performance (55.5%) and the achieved minimum requirement (95.9%) were also maintained compared to the in-person course (14.6% and 93.6%, respectively). Medical students preferred the online course to the in-person course; in particular, they preferred prerecorded videos over live streaming online lectures. Conclusion The participation, satisfaction, and the academic achievement of the online course were comparable to those of the in-person course. However, the greatest drawback of the online course was the lack of interaction between peer learners. Therefore, diverse methods for online education should be considered to increase students’ sense of belonging to a learning community.

The Republic of Korea (ROK) has a remarkable development history, including its status as the first country to transition from aid recipient to member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Development Assistance Committee (DAC). However, since becoming a donor country, the ROK has struggled to achieve internationally accepted agreements related to aid effectiveness and several evaluations have identified the ROK as being one of the weakest DAC member countries at providing good aid. A survey was conducted to assess partner countries' perceptions of the ROK's governance of health official development assistance (ODA). The survey was administered to government officials based in partner countries' Ministries of Health and therefore presents the unique perspective of ODA recipients. The survey questions focused on governance principles established in the internationally-accepted Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. The total response rate was 13 responses out of 26 individuals who received the email request (50%). The survey results indicate that progress has been made since earlier international evaluations but the ROK has not overcome all areas of concern. This confirms that the ROK is continuing to develop its capacity as a good donor but has yet to achieve all governance-related targets. The results of this survey can be used to inform a future aid strategy.
Delivery of Health Care/*economics ; Developing Countries/*economics ; Financial Management/*economics ; *Global Health ; *International Cooperation ; Republic of Korea

PURPOSE OF STUDY: To compare on bone formation between ovariectomized rats and normal rats after graft of alloplastic bone material. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty female rats were used in this study. They were divided into two groups by each ten rats. One group was ovariectomized and grafted alloplastic bone material. Other group was non-ovariectomized and grafted alloplastic bone material. After a healing time of 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and decalcified preparations were routinely processed for histologic evaluations. RESULTS: Ovariectomy group was significantly lesser bone formation compared with non-ovariectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: Ovariectomy acts as a negative factor in new bone formation.
Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Osteogenesis ; Ovariectomy ; Rats ; Transplants