PURPOSE: This study was conducted to describe mother's child-rearing attitudes and problem conduct of children as perceived by children and to examine correlation between maternal nurturing attitudes and child problem behavior. METHOD: The participants were 338 fifth and sixth graders who attended two randomly selected elementary schools in the city of G, Gangwon province. Child-rearing attitudes of the mother were rated on a 5-pointed scale that developed by Schaefer and added by Oh & Lee(1982). Problem conduct of children were rated on a 3-pointed scale of the K-YSR by Oh Kyung-Ja et al.(1997). The data were gathered from October 2 to October 28, 2004, and the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 program. RESULTS: For the children's perception of mother's child-rearing attitude, student had a relatively high mean scores of 3.70+/-0.44. Correlations between the mother's child-rearing attitude and general characteristics of the children showed statistically significantly different according to grade, father-mother relations, type of residence and extent to which father shared household chores. The mean score for problem conducts of children was 0.47+/-0.25.The average for their internal behavior problems was 0.52+/-0.33, and for external behavior problems was 0.44+/-0.24. There were statistically significantly differences in the behavior problem scores of the children according to the general characteristics of grade, education, occupation, mother-father relations, extent to which father shared in household chores and religion. As to correlation between mother's child-rearing attitude and their problem conduct, every type of attitude had a significantly moderate reverse correlation to every type of behavior problem of the children(r=-.431, p=.000). CONCLUSION: Mother's child-rearing attitudes might affect the problem conduct of children, and mother should try to treat their children with affection and respect, to maintain good relations with father, and to bring their children up coherently in an autonomous, permissive, positive and democratic manner.
Child* ; Education ; Family Characteristics ; Fathers ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Mothers ; Occupations ; Child Health

The brain consists of heterogeneous populations of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The revelation of their connections and interactions is fundamental to understanding normal brain functions as well as abnormal changes in pathological conditions. Optogenetics and chemogenetics have been developed to allow functional manipulations both in vitro and in vivo to examine causal relationships between cellular changes and functional outcomes. These techniques are based on genetically encoded effector molecules that respond exclusively to exogenous stimuli, such as a certain wavelength of light or a synthetic ligand. Activation of effector molecules provokes diverse intracellular changes, such as an influx or efflux of ions, depolarization or hyperpolarization of membranes, and activation of intracellular signaling cascades. Optogenetics and chemogenetics have been applied mainly to the study of neuronal circuits, but their use in studying non-neuronal cells has been gradually increasing. Here we introduce recent studies that have employed optogenetics and chemogenetics to reveal the function of astrocytes and gliotransmitters.
Astrocytes* ; Brain ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ions ; Membranes ; Neurons ; Optogenetics*

We aimed to examine whether there is a correlation between the health recovery of industrial accident victims and their perceived socioeconomic status. Data were obtained from the first Panel Study of Worker's Compensation Insurance, which included 2,000 participants. We performed multivariate regression analysis and determined the odds ratios for participants with a subjectively lower socioeconomic status and for those with a subjectively lower middle socioeconomic status using 95% confidence intervals. An additional multivariate regression analysis yielded the odds ratios for participants with a subjectively lower socioeconomic status and those with a subjectively upper middle socioeconomic class using 95% confidence intervals. Of all participants, 299 reported a full recovery, whereas 1,701 did not. We examined the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for participants' health recovery according to their subjective socioeconomic status while controlling for sex, age, education, tobacco use, alcohol use, subjective state of health prior to the accident, chronic disease, employment duration, recovery period, accident type, disability status, disability rating, and economic participation. The odds of recovery in participants with a subjectively lower middle socioeconomic status were 1.707 times greater (1.264-2.305) than that of those with a subjectively lower socioeconomic status. Similarly, the odds of recovery in participants with a subjectively upper middle socioeconomic status were 3.124 times greater (1.795-5.438) than that of those with a subjectively lower socioeconomic status. Our findings indicate that participants' perceived socioeconomic disparities extend to disparities in their health status. The reinforcement of welfare measures is greatly needed to temper these disparities.
Accidents, Occupational/psychology/*statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Insurance Benefits ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Regression Analysis ; Republic of Korea ; Sex Factors ; *Social Class ; Workers' Compensation

We aimed to examine whether there is a correlation between the health recovery of industrial accident victims and their perceived socioeconomic status. Data were obtained from the first Panel Study of Worker's Compensation Insurance, which included 2,000 participants. We performed multivariate regression analysis and determined the odds ratios for participants with a subjectively lower socioeconomic status and for those with a subjectively lower middle socioeconomic status using 95% confidence intervals. An additional multivariate regression analysis yielded the odds ratios for participants with a subjectively lower socioeconomic status and those with a subjectively upper middle socioeconomic class using 95% confidence intervals. Of all participants, 299 reported a full recovery, whereas 1,701 did not. We examined the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for participants' health recovery according to their subjective socioeconomic status while controlling for sex, age, education, tobacco use, alcohol use, subjective state of health prior to the accident, chronic disease, employment duration, recovery period, accident type, disability status, disability rating, and economic participation. The odds of recovery in participants with a subjectively lower middle socioeconomic status were 1.707 times greater (1.264-2.305) than that of those with a subjectively lower socioeconomic status. Similarly, the odds of recovery in participants with a subjectively upper middle socioeconomic status were 3.124 times greater (1.795-5.438) than that of those with a subjectively lower socioeconomic status. Our findings indicate that participants' perceived socioeconomic disparities extend to disparities in their health status. The reinforcement of welfare measures is greatly needed to temper these disparities.
Accidents, Occupational/psychology/*statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Insurance Benefits ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Regression Analysis ; Republic of Korea ; Sex Factors ; *Social Class ; Workers' Compensation

BACKGROUND: Beside pharmacological treatment, non-pharmacological interventions are a great deal of interest resides on ways that allow modulation of brain plasticity in the elderly. Music therapy is a potential non-pharmacological treatment for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, but a few studies reported it to be helpful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of structured musical intervention therapy in patient with cognitive decline. METHODS: The subjects of the study were a total of fifty elderly with cognitive decline (K-MMSE: 21+/-3.99, CDR: 0.80+/-0.38). The musical therapy was applied to the group twice a week, fifty minutes per session for eight weeks. The data were analyzed by using chi-square and paired t-test before and after musical intervention. RESULTS: The study showed a significant reduction in depression and anxiety after musical therapy measured with short form-GDS and BDI (p<0.001). Activities daily living (ADL) markedly improved after the all session of musical interventions (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Group music therapy is a safe and effective method for treating depression and anxiety, and also improving ADL in patients with cognitive decline.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Alzheimer Disease ; Anxiety ; Brain ; Dementia ; Depression* ; Humans ; Mild Cognitive Impairment ; Music Therapy ; Music* ; Plastics

GJB2 alleles containing two cis mutations have been rarely found in non-syndromic hearing loss. Herein, we present a Korean patient with non-syndromic hearing loss caused by the R75Q cis mutation with V37I, which arose de novo in the father and was inherited by the patient. Biochemical coupling and hemichannel permeability assays were performed after molecular cloning and transfection of HEK293T cells. Student's t-tests or analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test was used as statistical analysis. Biochemical coupling was significantly reduced in connexin 26 (Cx26)-R75Q- and Cx26-V37I-transfected cells, with greater extent in Cx26-R75Q and Cx26-R75Q+V37I cells. Interestingly, our patient and his father with the mutations had more residual hearing compared with patients with the dominant mutation alone. Although the difference in hemichannel activity between R75Q alone and R75Q in combination with V37I failed to reach significance, it is of note that there is a possibility that V37I located upstream of R75Q might have the ability to ameliorate R75Q expression. Our study emphasizes the importance of cis mutations with R75Q, as the gene effect of R75Q can be modulated depending on the type of additional mutation.
Adolescent ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Child, Preschool ; Connexins/analysis/*genetics ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Hearing Loss/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; *Point Mutation

BACKGROUND: Underweight is associated with increased mortality, relative to the normal weight category. The importance of managing underweight patients has not yet been recognized seriously in South Korea, and little information is available on the prevalence of underweight and its associated risk factors. This study aims to investigate changes in the prevalence of underweight by gender and age and analyze its trend.METHODS: Data were obtained from individuals aged >20 years, from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1995 and 2015. The subjects of this study included 134,613 adults (male, 61,152; female, 73,461). The prevalence of underweight was determined as defined by the Asia-Pacific Perspective, and socioeconomic factors associated with a predisposition to underweight were analyzed using the chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: Among Korean adults, the age-adjusted prevalence of underweight (body mass index < 18.5 kg/m²) was 3.1% in men and 6.3% in women. Overall, a U-shaped relationship was established between the prevalence of underweight by gender and age. There was no significant difference in socioeconomic factors related to the prevalence of underweight in men and women in their twenties. The prevalence of underweight in women aged 20–59 years showed an increasing trend (P for trends < 0.05).CONCLUSION: In individuals aged 20–29 years, the prevalence of being underweight was higher in women than in men. Recently, there has been an increasing trend in the prevalence of underweight young women of reproductive age. This requires national public health attention.
Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mortality ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Thinness

No abstract available.
Bone Marrow* ; Isochromosomes* ; Lymphoma, B-Cell*

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare, inherited syndrome associated with increased risk of various early-onset tumors. Since the introduction of classic LFS criteria, various criteria have been proposed to include patients with incomplete LFS features, which make up Li-Fraumeni-like syndromes (LFL). Germline missense mutations of TP53 are the primary cause of LFS and LFL. Mutations mostly reside in the DNA-binding domain of the gene and have a dominant-negative effect (DNE) over alternate wild-type alleles. Germline TP53 mutation c.566C>T results in the missense mutation GCC (Ala) to GTC (Val) at codon 189 (A189V) and has been reported in a case of multiple primary colon tumors. Herein we report a second case of the same mutation in a breast cancer patient, who has familial history of late-onset malignancies. Due to the relatively late onset of malignancies, neither case fulfils previously defined criteria for the syndrome. Mutational analysis for breast tissue in this patient showed a loss of heterozygosity. These clinical features may suggest a relatively weak DNE of A189V compared to other TP53 mutations, and in silico predictions and in vitro findings of the function of A189V mutant protein are conflicting. Considering the increased risk of malignancies and the therapeutic implications for patients who have a TP53 mutation, care must be taken when treating those who are suspected of possessing cancer-prone traits due to TP53 mutation, especially when there is a family history of late-onset cancer with low penetrance.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Breast Neoplasms/complications/*diagnosis/therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Exons ; Female ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Li-Fraumeni Syndrome/complications/*diagnosis/therapy ; Middle Aged ; Multimodal Imaging ; Mutation, Missense ; Pedigree ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics ; Young Adult

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare, inherited syndrome associated with increased risk of various early-onset tumors. Since the introduction of classic LFS criteria, various criteria have been proposed to include patients with incomplete LFS features, which make up Li-Fraumeni-like syndromes (LFL). Germline missense mutations of TP53 are the primary cause of LFS and LFL. Mutations mostly reside in the DNA-binding domain of the gene and have a dominant-negative effect (DNE) over alternate wild-type alleles. Germline TP53 mutation c.566C>T results in the missense mutation GCC (Ala) to GTC (Val) at codon 189 (A189V) and has been reported in a case of multiple primary colon tumors. Herein we report a second case of the same mutation in a breast cancer patient, who has familial history of late-onset malignancies. Due to the relatively late onset of malignancies, neither case fulfils previously defined criteria for the syndrome. Mutational analysis for breast tissue in this patient showed a loss of heterozygosity. These clinical features may suggest a relatively weak DNE of A189V compared to other TP53 mutations, and in silico predictions and in vitro findings of the function of A189V mutant protein are conflicting. Considering the increased risk of malignancies and the therapeutic implications for patients who have a TP53 mutation, care must be taken when treating those who are suspected of possessing cancer-prone traits due to TP53 mutation, especially when there is a family history of late-onset cancer with low penetrance.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Breast Neoplasms/complications/*diagnosis/therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Exons ; Female ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Li-Fraumeni Syndrome/complications/*diagnosis/therapy ; Middle Aged ; Multimodal Imaging ; Mutation, Missense ; Pedigree ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics ; Young Adult