Adolescent depression is increasingly recognized as a serious mental health disorder with distinct clinical and molecular features. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we identified cell-specific transcriptomic changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), particularly in astrocytes, of adolescent macaques exhibiting depressive-like behaviors. The level of diacylglycerol kinase beta was significantly reduced in neurons and glial cells of depressed macaques, while FKBP5 levels increased in glial cells. Disruption of GABAergic synapses and disruption of D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism were linked to depressive phenotypes in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and subtypes of astrocytes. Communication pathways between astrocytes and D1/D2-MSNs were also disrupted, involving factors like bone morphogenetic protein-6 and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase-4. Bulk transcriptomic and proteomic analyses corroborated these findings, and FKBP5 upregulation was confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence in the NAc of rats and macaques with chronic unpredictable mild stress. Our results highlight the specific roles of different cell types in adolescent depression in the NAc, offering potential targets for new antidepressant therapies.
Animals ; Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism* ; Male ; Transcriptome ; Depression/genetics* ; Astrocytes/metabolism* ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Rats

Objective]Inquire into the relations between triple burners acquiring name, the function and production of Ying Wei Qi. [Method] Taking the annotation “ Taisu of Medical Classic of the Yellow Emperor”of the extant earliest old book Medical Classic of the Yellow Emperor as study material, from the triple burners position, the function, as well as the way of triple burners displaying function, it reveals the Ying Wei Qi origin, the production condition as well as the function among which triple burners displaying.[Result] Medical classics and Yang’s note revelation: Triple burners acquiring fame is from under the internal organs multitudinous empty but not solid burners membrane, the triple burners are visible and have the nature.The upper burner is in upper stomach opening, with function like fog;the middle burner is in middle stomach mouth, with function like bubbles;The lower burner is in the stomach end opening, with function like blasphemes.The Ying Wei Qi originates in the stomach absorbing water and food, the production condition is the upper and middle burners secreting the body fluids from the water and food.[Conclusion] The stomach absorbing water and food to promote saliva or body fluids, its clear upward, muddy dregs downward.The upper burner secretes the body fluids as a defensive energy, the middle burner secretes the body fluids as the nutrients and blood.The triple burners turn over to the six internal organs, visible with the nature.Internal Classics introduces the concept of the triple burners, explaining completely how the body fluids change red blood and enter Hand Taiyin Lung Channel;how the dregs urine fluid produces and enters the urinary bladder, in other words, the triple burners explain how the nutrition is absorbed, how the dregs are removed, the most basic question which any medicines all need to explain.

Objective] To explore the Chinese classicQiconcept and the basic meaning of Qias the final word. [Methods] Use the method of literature to collect literature materials of Qi in the ancient literature, and analyze the grammatical function of Qi and Qi in the double syllable words by the method of historical linguistics. [Results] The original meaning of Qi refers to the clouds, like all known meaning. Whether in ancient or in Huangdi Nei Jing Tai Su,Qirefers to the various phenomena, the material, the more is immaterial.Gas cannot be simply explained as subtle substance.Qiin the double syllable words affix and grammatical meaning and affixhome, with its logo on the front of the root is like, meaning of the expression can be divided into two categories: Qi before the word is a noun, used to emphasize that a noun is a phenomenon or the like on the outside and does not refer to forming structure, root noun is as the ontology. The word is not a noun, but it is also an image of the word that is emphasized in the front. [Conclusion] In the Chinese classic, Qi can refer to a variety of images, physical and nonphysical, not only to the subtle substances. To define the connotation of Qi and Qi in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine is very important for the correct understanding of ancient Chinese medical classics and to perfect the theory of modern Chinese medicine.

Through long-term research,we believe that,the medicinal purposes weights and measures in Song,Jin,Yuan periods is neither the same as jin,liang,fen,zhu system in Han,Tang Dynasties,nor the same as that in Ming and Qing Dynasties.In Song Jin Yuan Dynasties,medicinal purposes weights and measures is the jin,liang,fen,qian,zi system.