Objective To research the jugular foramen,internal auditory pore (IAP)and the turning point between its components by imageological methods and to provide theoretical basis for retrosigmoid approach in the operation of acoustic neurinoma.Methods The skulls of 100 volunteers were scanned to get the final result with thin-section computed tomographic image. High-resolution spiral CT multiplane reformation was used to reform images that were parallel to the Frankfort horizontal plane to measure the distance between the turning point of retrosigmoid (A),the edge of jugular foramen(B)and the lower edge of the internal auditory canal(C)(denoted AC,AB,BC) and the shortest distance from the jugular foramen to AC.The angles between AC,AB and sagittal axis(α,β) were measured.Results The distance of AC was (44.94 ± 3.84)mm,the distance of AB was (43.68 ± 4.56)mm.The distance of BC was (6.15 ±2.04)mm,and the shortest distance between jugular foramen and AC was (5.21±0.23)mm.The angleαwas measured as (39.50±4.74)°,and the angleβwas measured as (46.35± 5.51)°.Conclusion The research measure the distance and angle between entry points and landmarks of retrosigmoid approach and the safe distance.

Objective:To investigate the survival rate change of retinal ganglion cells（RGCs）in a mouse of optic nerve crush（ONC）.Methods:Ninety-seven male C57BL/6J mice（6 to 8 weeks）were selected and divided into normal group（ n=5）, sham-operation group（ n=5）and ONC group（ n=5）according to the random number table. In normal group, both eyes of the mice did not receive any intervention. In sham-operation group, the right eye of the mice received sham operation, while the left eye reveived no intervention. In ONC group, the left eye received ONC, and the right eye received sham operation. In normal group, the density of RGCs in both eyes was quantified and compared. In sham-operatioin group, the density of RGCs in the sham operation eye was calculated and then compared to the average density of RGCs in normal group. In ONC group, the survival rate of RGCs was set as the ratio between the left eye（ONC eye）and the right eye（sham-operation eye）. The survival rate of RGCs in ONC group was compared after crush injury for 5, 10, 20, 30 seconds）（the sacrifice time was set at day 7）, and was compared after sampling on days 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 180（the duration of crush injury was set as 20 seconds）. Results:In normal group, the density of RGCs in the right eye was（5, 167.3±55.6）cell/mm 2, with no statistical difference from that in the left eye［（5, 199.6±44.8）cell/mm 2］（ P>0.05）. The density of RGCs in normal group and sham-operation group was（5, 183.5±33.4）cell/mm 2 and（5, 151.5±87.6）cell/mm 2, showing no statistical difference（ P>0.05）. The survival rate of RGCs in ONC group after crush injury for 5, 10, 20, 30 seconds was（37.6±1.1）%,（34.0±0.9）%,（33.6±1.6）% and（30.3±0.6）%（ P<0.01）. In comparison, there was statistical difference in the survival rate of RGCs between crush injury for 5 seconds and for 30 seconds（ P<0.01）, but not among other duration of crush injury（ P>0.05）. The survival rate of RGCs in ONC group after sampling on days 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 180 was（85.4±2.0）%,（67.6±3.1）%,（43.0±1.0）%,（33.6±1.6）%,（22.7±2.0）%,（12.8±0.6）%,（10.4±0.8）%,（8.6±0.5）% and（6.7±0.2）%（ P<0.01）, showing the most obvious drop from day 3 to day 5. Additionally, the curve became flattened after 30 days. Conclusions:In a mouse model of ONC, varying durations of crushing will lead to different damage to RGCs in a progressive mode, indicating that following the primary injury（ONC）, the RGCs suffer secondary injury as well. Therefore, effectively controlling the secondary injury may be the key point of treating optic nerve injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of VX765 on osteoarthritis (OA) and chondrocytes inflammation in rats. METHODS: Chondrocytes were isolated from the knee joints of 4-week-old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The third-generation cells were subjected to cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) analysis to assess the impact of various concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 μmol/L) of VX765 on rat chondrocyte activity. An in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cell inflammation model was employed, dividing cells into control group, LPS group, VX765 concentration 1 group and VX765 concentration 2 group without obvious cytotoxicity. Western blot, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and ELISA were conducted to measure the expression levels of inflammatory factors-transforming growth factor β ₁ (TGF-β ₁), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Additionally, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were employed to assess the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Thirty-two SD rats were randomly assigned to sham surgery group (group A), OA group (group B), OA+VX765 (50 mg/kg) group (group C), and OA+VX765 (100 mg/kg) group (group D), with 8 rats in each group. Group A underwent a sham operation with a medial incision, while groups B to D underwent additional transverse incisions to the medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament, with removal of the medial meniscus. One week post-surgery, groups C and D were orally administered 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg VX765, respectively, while groups A and B received an equivalent volume of saline. Histopathological examination using HE and safranin-fast green staining was performed, and Mankin scoring was utilized for evaluation. Immunohistochemical staining technique was employed to analyze the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and collagen type Ⅱ. RESULTS: The CCK-8 assay indicated a significant decrease in cell viability at VX765 concentrations exceeding 10 μmol/L ( P<0.05), so 4 μmol/L and 8 μmol/L VX765 without obvious cytotoxicity were selected for subsequent experiments. Following LPS induction, the expressions of TGF-β ₁, IL-6, and TNF-α in cells significantly increased when compared with the control group ( P<0.05). However, intervention with 4 μmol/L and 8 μmol/L VX765 led to a significant decrease in expression compared to the LPS group ( P<0.05). Western blot and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated a significant upregulation of Nrf2 pathway-related molecules Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions by VX765 ( P<0.05), indicating Nrf2 pathway activation. Histopathological examination of rat knee joint tissues and immunohistochemical staining revealed that, compared to group B, treatment with VX765 in groups C and D improved joint structural damage in rat OA, alleviated inflammatory reactions, downregulated MMP-13 expression, and increased collagen type Ⅱ expression. CONCLUSION VX765 can improve rat OA and reduce chondrocyte inflammation, possibly through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.
Rats ; Animals ; Chondrocytes/metabolism* ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Collagen Type II/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6 ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology* ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/pharmacology* ; Inflammation/drug therapy* ; Osteoarthritis/metabolism* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism* ; Dipeptides ; para-Aminobenzoates

OBJECTIVE To establish the project approval evaluation system for traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） preparations in medical institutions guided by new drug conversion， to improve the success rate of approval for TCM preparations in medical institutions and lay the foundation for the later drug conversion. METHODS Research and development team used the literature research method and brainstorming method to list and organize relevant elements of project evaluation and determine the initial indicator system. Experts were consulted using the Delphi method to confirm the evaluation index. The weights were calculated based on the proportion of importance scores for each indicator and assigned specific scores to each item. The indicator system was used to evaluate 31 TCM preparations applied for filing by various departments of our hospital from April to July 2023. RESULTS After two rounds of 17 experts’ consultation， the final TCM preparation system included five primary indicators， i.e. theoretical basis， clinical research foundation， pharmaceutical foundation， prescription， and clinical value， as well as 17 secondary indicators including prescription source， traditional Chinese medicine theory， clinical positioning and so on. Human experience was considered as the item which would be rejected as one vote. Based on the above indicator system， our hospital further improved the filing and project approval process for TCM preparations in medical institutions. Among the 31 TCM preparations applied for filing by various departments from April to July 2023， 8 TCM preparations with a score ≥65 were selected for development. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation system is objective， comprehensive， and highly operable. It is suitable for the selection of TCM preparations in medical institutions before research and development.