This paper described a microprocedure for the simultaneous determination of retinol (Vitamin A), alpha and gamma tocopherol (Vitamin E) in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. A reversed-phase C18 column with precolumn was used. The mobile phase was water in methanol (2:98) and the flow rate was 1.8ml/min. An ultraviolet detector with 300 nm was used. The chromatogram was completed in 12 min and the retinol, alpha and gamma tocopherol were quantitated by the peak area ratio and weight ratio using benzo (e) pyrene as an internal standard. The mean recovery of retinol and alpha tocopherol were 93.9% and 106.9% respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV%) were 5.2 for retinol, 4.8 for gamma tocopherol and 6.3 for alpha tocopherol. In order to assess the possibility of measuring pooled samples instead of individual samples, the value of individuals was compared with the value of the pooled sample. The results showed that the pool values and the mean ? SD of the 25 individuals compared very favourably.6500 blood samples were collected from both sexes and 130 communities of 65 counties. The plasma retinol and tocopherols were analyzed. The average plasma retinol value (X?SD,?g/dl) was 52 ?9.2 for male and 41 ?6.8 for female. The average plasma alpha tocopherol value (X?SD) was 703?108 for male and 735?101 for female. The mean ? SD (?g/dl) of total vitamin E were 750 ? 124 and 776 ?104 respectively for male and female.

Objective:To study the feasibility of electronic gingivoplasty on the subjects suffering from high blood sugar or blood coagulating dysfunction on rat model.Methods:Electronic gingivoplasty was performed in 10 SD rats with high blood sugar and 10 with blood coagulating dysfunction on the right side of mandible and scalpel gingivoplasty on the left.For each group of diseased rats 10 healthy rats were used as the controls. Gingival tissue slices of the rats with high blood sugar and the controls were obtained 1,24, 72 hours, one and two weeks after operation respectively, and processed for histological observation. The bleeding condition were evaluated with paper tips during the operations on the rats with blood coagulating dysfunction and the controls.Results:The process of histological reaction in the tissues of operation area after electronic gingivoplasty was basically similar to that after scalpel gingivoplasty. Electronic surgery caused more slight inflammatary reaction than scalpel surgery in high blood sugar group. The amount of bleeding during electronic surgery was significantly smaller than that during scalpel surgery in blood coagulating dysfunction group.Conclusion:Electronic surgery is feasible for gingivoplasty on the subjects with high blood sugar or blood coagulating dysfunction.

Objective: To study the amount of fat, cholesterol and fatty acid intake in China and provide the basic material for dietary guidance. Methods: Two areas were selected both in North and South China and each area included 3 provinces, or municipality or autonomous region. Three representative survey sites were selected in each province, or municipality or autonomous region. Dietary survey was conducted by the method of weighing and recording and cooking method was also recorded. The amount of food consumption was calculated as standard person (adult male, light physical activity). All foods were gathered as 12 kinds of foods, and each kind of food was cooked and then mixed. The content of fat and fatty acid was analyzed for 8 kinds of foods and the content of cholesterol was analyzed for 4 kinds of foods. The intake of fat, fatty acid and cholesterol per capita was calculated. Results: The amount of fat intake among North I, North II, South I, South II was 70.5 g, 46.5 g, 58.7 g, 71.0 g respectively and the amount of cholesterol intake was 329.6 mg, 128.5 mg, 400.9 mg, 306.0 mg respectively. The main source of dietary fat was from meat and vegetables. Egg was the main source of dietary cholesterol and meat and egg were both the main source of dietary cholesterol in south II area. About 90% of saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid and stearic acid and 90% of monounsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid. Linoleic acid was the principal n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid and linolenic acid was the principal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. The ratio of S∶M∶P in North I was 1∶1.1∶1, in North II was 1∶1.6∶1.3, in South I was 1∶1.6∶1.3 and in South II was 1∶1.5∶1. Conclusion: The amount of fat intake and fatty acid profile was quite different among different areas and the dietary guidance should be more pertinent The current cholesterol intake was more than dietary guidance in most areas. In addition to egg, meat was also an important source of cholesterol.

Ultrasound imaging is a valuable tool in the detection of breast lesions, and the breast imaging and reporting data system (BI-RADS) guides the ultrasound diagnosis of breast lesion to improve the diagnosis accuracy. The research of breast ultrasound computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) with BI-RADS-US is a hot topic now. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of breast ultrasound CAD with BI-RADS-US, summarized the present problems, and discussed the future development.
Algorithms ; Artifacts ; Breast Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Information Systems ; standards ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography, Mammary ; methods

AIM: To explore the role of purinergic signaling mediated by ATP in the Alzheimer ’ s disease (AD)-related colon motility disorder and its related molecular mechanisms .METHODS:(1)Clinical trials:AD patients in our hospital were collected and studied .Radioimmunoassay was used for the determination of plasma motilin (MTL), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide (NO), and high-performance liquid chroma-tography ( HPLC) was applied to test the level of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP) .The patients were assessed by neuropsy-chology and scored accordingly .( 2 ) In animal experiments , AD mice received Morris water maze test , and the spatial learning and memory function were evaluated .The plasma levels of MTL , CCK, VIP and NO were examined by radioimmu-noassay , and the level of ATP was measured by HPLC .Choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT ) , VIP, nitric oxide synthase ( NOS) and ATP synthase were detected by immunohistochemistry .Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of P2Y receptor.(3) In vitro, organ bath was applied to observe the effect of α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-MeATP), an agonist of P2Y receptor, on both spontaneous and electrically evoked contraction of colonic smooth muscle strip, and the technique of intracellular microelectrode was applied to observe the effect of α,β-MeATP on the membrane potential of colonic smooth muscle cells .RESULTS:Compared with control group , the levels of MTL and CCK were decreased (P<0.01), and the levels of NO and ATP were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the VIP level was not changed.Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was decreased (P<0.05), Alzheimer’s Disease Assess-ment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) score, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score and Alzheimer’s Disease Co-operative Study-Activities of Daily Living Scale ( ADCS-ADL ) were all increased as compared with control group ( P <0.01).The 4~6 d escape latency of APP/PS1 AD mice was significantly prolonged (P<0.05), and the space explora-tion ability distinctly reduced (P<0.05).In AD mice, the levels of MTL and CCK were decreased (P<0.01), and the levels of NO and ATP were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the VIP level was not changed .The protein expres-sion of colonic ATP synthase was significantly increased (P<0.05), but the expression of ChAT, VIP and NOS was not changed.The expression of P2Y receptor was increased (P<0.01).The results of in vitro experiment displayed that α,β-MeATP, from 20 μmol/L to 100 μmol/L, inhibited the spontaneous contraction of colonic smooth muscle strip in the nor-mal mice and AD mice ( P<0.05 or P<0.01 ) , and this inhibition was reversed by Na +channel inhibitor tetrodotoxin (TTX) (P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition, the effect of α,β-MeATP at 100μmol/L on the AD mice was more obvious than that on the normal mice (P<0.05), and this inhibition was also antagonized by TTX (P<0.05 or P<0.01), pro-minent in AD group as compared with control group (P<0.05).In 10 Hz electrically evoked contraction of colonic smooth muscle strip,α,β-MeATP inhibited both the normal and AD mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the inhibition was more obvious in the AD mice at the concentration of 40μmol/L or 100μmol/L (P<0.05 or P<0.01).CONCLUSION:AD patients and AD mice are accompanied by decreased MTL and CCK levels , and enhanced NO level , thus inducing colonic motor dysfunction along with AD .Meanwhile, ATP in plasma, purinergic neurons , and P2Y receptor expression are in-creased in the AD mice .Purinergic signaling mediated by ATP inhibits colonic smooth muscle strip contraction and further paralyzes the colonic movement function in AD .

OBJECTIVEDiscussion on utility and purposed value of obesity and abdomen obesity when body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR) used as indexes predicting hypertension, hyper-blood glucose, and both clusters, to provide scientific basis for the decision on the indexes and their cut-off points of obesity and abdomen obesity in Chinese people.

METHODSUsing the data of diabetes mellitus (DM) from epidemiological studies carried out in 11 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities of China from July 1995 to June 1997. Partial relative analysis, logistic multi-factors regression analysis, interaction analysis were used. Relative risk (RR), attributable risk proportion (ARP) and population attributable risk proportion (PARP) of hypertension, hyper-blood glucose, and the both cluster as BMI, WC, WHR with the different cut off points were analysed.

RESULTS1) The correlations between BMI, WC and blood pressure, blood glucose were better than the WHR. 2) After adjusted by age, sex, occupation leisure physical activity, education degree and the family history of DM, the results suggested that BMI, WC, WHR were important predictive factors, with relative importance as BMI > WC > WHR. 3) There were augment interactions on BMI, WC and WHR with hypertension, hyper-blood glucose, with the interaction of BMI and WC in particular. Their pure attributable interaction proportion were from 5.95% to 29.34%. 4) The values of RR were about 2.5 when BMI >/= 23, >/= 24 and >/= 25, suggesting the relationship with exposure factors and diseases were with medium and high maleficent extent. Their ARP were from 0.580 to 0.623 with PARP from 0.259 to 0.425. The values of RR were from 2.06 to 3.08 as WC >/= 85 cm in males, WC >/= 80 cm in females while WC >/= 90 cm in males, WC >/= 80 cm in females, which suggested that the relationship with exposure factors and diseases were in medium and high maleficent extent. Their ARP were from 0.515 to 0.676 while PARP from 0.241 to 0.431.

CONCLUSIONSSince the maleficent extent of exposure factors to diseases, the acceptability for overweight and obesity in population, and the prevention and care for overweight and obesity were just in the introduction stage in China. The utility value of predicted hypertension, hyper-blood glucose in BMI and WC seemed to be better then in WHR. We suggested that BMI used as the obesity index, with the diagnostic cut-off point BMI >/= 24. WC as the abdomen obesity index. The diagnostic cut-off points are suggested to be WC >/= 85 cm in males, and WC >/= 80 cm in females.

Adult ; Aged ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Body Constitution ; Body Mass Index ; Diastole ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Hypertension ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; physiopathology ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Systole

Objective:To evaluate the post-marketing safety and immunogenicity of a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23).Methods:From September 2020 to June 2021, a clinical trial of single-dose PPV23 was conducted in people ≥3 years old in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou, Hunan and Fujian provinces. Blood samples were collects from the subjects before and 30 d after vaccination. ELISA was used to quantitatively detect IgG antibodies against capsular polysaccharides of 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in serum samples. The adverse events (AEs) were monitored within 7 d after vaccination. Results:A total of 409 subjects were enrolled and included in safety analysis. Except for one with antibody level inversion, the other 408 participants were included in immunogenicity analysis. The levels of antibodies against the 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes were all increased after vaccination by an average of 4.24 folds. The two-fold growth rates of the antibodies ranged from 51.72% to 96.81% with a total two-fold growth rate of 78.59%. The overall rate of AEs was 27.14% (111/409). Local AEs were mainly pain, induration, redness and swollen. No serious adverse events related to vaccination occurred. Conclusions:This study preliminarily demonstrated the good immunogenicity and safety of PPV23 vaccine.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Both genetic factors and smoking are associated with ischemic stroke (IS) risk. However, little is known about the potential interaction of these factors. We aimed to assess whether smoking and a positive family history interact to increase the risk of IS. METHODS: The nationwide prospective study recruited 210,000 men and 300,000 women in 2004 to 2008 at ages 30 to 79 years. During 9.7 years of follow-up, we documented 16,923 and 20,656 incident IS cases in men and women without major chronic diseases at baseline, respectively. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to examine associations between family history and IS. Likelihood ratio tests were used to test the smoking-family history interactions on IS. RESULTS: About 67.8% (n=135,168) of men ever smoked regularly compared with 2.7% (n=7,775) of women. Among men, a significant interaction between family history and smoking on IS was observed (P for interaction=0.03), with more pronounced association between family history and IS among ever-regular smokers (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.27) than among never-smokers (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.23). The association between family history and IS among ex-smokers after more than 10 years of cessation (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.20) appeared similar to that among never-smokers. Among women, a similar but not significant interaction between family history and smoking on IS was observed. Ever-regular smokers who had a family history of stroke had the highest risk of IS. CONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese men, the association of family history with IS was accentuated by smoking, and such accentuation tended to be lowered by cessation.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Chronic Disease ; Cohort Studies ; Family Health ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stroke ; Tobacco

OBJECTIVETo describe the regional differences on patterns of alcohol consumption across 10 study in the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) areas involving half a million adults.

METHODSThe baseline survey of CKB took place in 5 urban and 5 rural areas across China during 2004-2008. Detailed information on alcohol consumption of 512 891 participants aged 30-79 years was gathered and analyzed.

RESULTSwere directly standardized on age (in 10-age groups) and education (5 groups) structure of the study population for different sex.

RESULTSThe overall prevalence rates of regular drinking (i.e., at least weekly) were 33.1% among men and 2.2% among women. Among men, the prevalence rate was seen highest in Harbin (52.0%) and Sichuan (50.2%), but lowest in Gansu (8.1%) and Haikou (18.8%). Most regular drinkers in Sichuan, Hunan, and Gansu habitually drank strong spirits (≥ 40% alcohol content), whereas beer was most commonly consumed in Harbin and Qingdao, with rice wine most commonly used in the southern regions (Haikou, Suzhou,Zhejiang and Liuzhou). Mean alcohol consumption was highest in Sichuan (414.6 g/week). Although the mean alcohol consumptions appeared lower on regular occasion in Gansu (195.2 g/week) and Henan (239.6 g/week) than in other regions, the amount consumed on special occasions in these two regions were the highest (Henan:202.3 g/day; Gansu:171.2 g/day). Similar patterns were also seen in women. Of all the regular drinkers, 82.6% of men and 56.6% of women reported heavy drinking episodes (men: >60 g, women: >40 g) on special occasions.

CONCLUSIONThe patterns of alcohol consumption including prevalence, frequency, amount, binge drinking pattern, and type of alcohol beverage varied greatly among the ten areas of CKB under study.

Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; epidemiology ; Alcoholic Beverages ; China ; epidemiology ; Demography ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo describe the regional differences in adults' smoking pattern found by China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study involving half million adults in 10 areas in China.

METHODSAfter exclusion of the adults with self reported histories of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at baseline survey, the area specific differences in smoking pattern of 452 829 subjects aged 30-79 years was analyzed.

RESULTSThe overall rate of current smoker was higher in males (64.2%) than in females (2.1%). For females, the current smoker rate was higher in Harbin (10.5%) and Sichuan (8.5%) than in other areas. For males, the current smoker rate and the average numbers of cigarettes smoked per day were high in Hunan (68.8%, 20.9) and Sichuan (67.2%, 21.5) ; the current smoker rate was lowest (49.9%) but the average number of cigarettes smoked per day was highest (21.9) in Haikou. On the other hand, Gansu showed the highest rate of current smoker (71.4% ) with a lower mean number of cigarettes smoked per day (14.9). Most current smokers in males (88.3% ) smoked filter cigarettes, while hand-rolled cigarettes were commonly used in Sichuan (38.8%) and Gansu (37.8%) and pipes or water pipe were mainly used in Henan (14.6%).

CONCLUSIONThe rate of current smoker and other patterns of smoking including cigarette type, daily amount and inhalation depth varied greatly among the adults in 10 areas covered by CKB study.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Self Report ; Smoking ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires