Exercise is known to promote physical health and reduce the risk of various diseases. During exercise, skeletal muscle actively contracts to perform movements and secretes hormone-like molecules termed myokines. The beneficial effects of exercise have been assessed with respect to myokine production, and those of irisin on bone, adipose tissue, and the brain have been well documented. Irisin, through its interactions with the integrin αV family, plays a crucial role in bone maintenance, metabolic regulation, and cognitive function. Building on the established understanding of irisin, this discussion will examine the functions and effects of other myokines as key secretory factors in exercise, emphasizing their broader roles in health promotion and the potential for new therapeutic strategies in disease prevention and treatment.

Exercise is known to promote physical health and reduce the risk of various diseases. During exercise, skeletal muscle actively contracts to perform movements and secretes hormone-like molecules termed myokines. The beneficial effects of exercise have been assessed with respect to myokine production, and those of irisin on bone, adipose tissue, and the brain have been well documented. Irisin, through its interactions with the integrin αV family, plays a crucial role in bone maintenance, metabolic regulation, and cognitive function. Building on the established understanding of irisin, this discussion will examine the functions and effects of other myokines as key secretory factors in exercise, emphasizing their broader roles in health promotion and the potential for new therapeutic strategies in disease prevention and treatment.

Exercise is known to promote physical health and reduce the risk of various diseases. During exercise, skeletal muscle actively contracts to perform movements and secretes hormone-like molecules termed myokines. The beneficial effects of exercise have been assessed with respect to myokine production, and those of irisin on bone, adipose tissue, and the brain have been well documented. Irisin, through its interactions with the integrin αV family, plays a crucial role in bone maintenance, metabolic regulation, and cognitive function. Building on the established understanding of irisin, this discussion will examine the functions and effects of other myokines as key secretory factors in exercise, emphasizing their broader roles in health promotion and the potential for new therapeutic strategies in disease prevention and treatment.

Objectives: This research aimed to develop a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) based large language model (LLM) system that offers personalized and reliable responses to a wide range of concerns raised by Korean adolescents. Our work focuses on building a culturally reflective dataset and on designing and validating the system’s effectiveness by comparing the answer quality of RAG-based models with non-RAG models. Methods: Data were collected from the NAVER Knowledge iN platform, concentrating on posts that featured adolescents’ questions and corresponding expert responses during the period 2014–2024. The dataset comprises 3,874 cases, categorized by key negative emotions and the primary sources of worry. The data were processed to remove irrelevant or redundant content and then classified into general and detailed causes. The RAG-based model employed FAISS for similarity-based retrieval of the top three reference cases and used GPT-4o mini for response generation. The responses generated with and without RAG were evaluated using several metrics. Results: RAG-based responses outperformed non-RAG responses across all evaluation metrics. Key findings indicate that RAG-based responses delivered more specific, empathetic, and actionable guidance, particularly when addressing complex emotional and situational concerns. The analysis revealed that family relationships, peer interactions, and academic stress are significant factors affecting adolescents’ worries, with depression and stress frequently co-occurring. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of RAG-based LLMs to address the diverse and culture-specific worries of Korean adolescents. By integrating external knowledge and offering personalized support, the proposed system provides a scalable approach to enhancing mental health interventions for adolescents. Future research should concentrate on expanding the dataset and improving multiturn conversational capabilities to deliver even more comprehensive support.

Objectives: This research aimed to develop a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) based large language model (LLM) system that offers personalized and reliable responses to a wide range of concerns raised by Korean adolescents. Our work focuses on building a culturally reflective dataset and on designing and validating the system’s effectiveness by comparing the answer quality of RAG-based models with non-RAG models. Methods: Data were collected from the NAVER Knowledge iN platform, concentrating on posts that featured adolescents’ questions and corresponding expert responses during the period 2014–2024. The dataset comprises 3,874 cases, categorized by key negative emotions and the primary sources of worry. The data were processed to remove irrelevant or redundant content and then classified into general and detailed causes. The RAG-based model employed FAISS for similarity-based retrieval of the top three reference cases and used GPT-4o mini for response generation. The responses generated with and without RAG were evaluated using several metrics. Results: RAG-based responses outperformed non-RAG responses across all evaluation metrics. Key findings indicate that RAG-based responses delivered more specific, empathetic, and actionable guidance, particularly when addressing complex emotional and situational concerns. The analysis revealed that family relationships, peer interactions, and academic stress are significant factors affecting adolescents’ worries, with depression and stress frequently co-occurring. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of RAG-based LLMs to address the diverse and culture-specific worries of Korean adolescents. By integrating external knowledge and offering personalized support, the proposed system provides a scalable approach to enhancing mental health interventions for adolescents. Future research should concentrate on expanding the dataset and improving multiturn conversational capabilities to deliver even more comprehensive support.

Objectives: This research aimed to develop a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) based large language model (LLM) system that offers personalized and reliable responses to a wide range of concerns raised by Korean adolescents. Our work focuses on building a culturally reflective dataset and on designing and validating the system’s effectiveness by comparing the answer quality of RAG-based models with non-RAG models. Methods: Data were collected from the NAVER Knowledge iN platform, concentrating on posts that featured adolescents’ questions and corresponding expert responses during the period 2014–2024. The dataset comprises 3,874 cases, categorized by key negative emotions and the primary sources of worry. The data were processed to remove irrelevant or redundant content and then classified into general and detailed causes. The RAG-based model employed FAISS for similarity-based retrieval of the top three reference cases and used GPT-4o mini for response generation. The responses generated with and without RAG were evaluated using several metrics. Results: RAG-based responses outperformed non-RAG responses across all evaluation metrics. Key findings indicate that RAG-based responses delivered more specific, empathetic, and actionable guidance, particularly when addressing complex emotional and situational concerns. The analysis revealed that family relationships, peer interactions, and academic stress are significant factors affecting adolescents’ worries, with depression and stress frequently co-occurring. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of RAG-based LLMs to address the diverse and culture-specific worries of Korean adolescents. By integrating external knowledge and offering personalized support, the proposed system provides a scalable approach to enhancing mental health interventions for adolescents. Future research should concentrate on expanding the dataset and improving multiturn conversational capabilities to deliver even more comprehensive support.

Objective: : Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly exhibit a poor mental health status and can easily develop aspiration pneumonia. Thus, early proper nutrition through oral or tube feeding is difficult to achieve, leading to malnutrition. However, evidence regarding early nutritional support in the intensive care unit (ICU) is lacking. We aimed to assess the effect of early nutrition in patients with TBI admitted to the ICU. Methods: : Data of adult patients with TBI admitted to the trauma ICU of a regional trauma center in Korea between 2022 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Those with ICU stay <7 days, younger than 18 years, and with underlying diseases that could alter baseline metabolism, were excluded. Nutritional support on day 4 of ICU admission was measured. The patients were classified into mortality and survival groups, and risk factors for mortality were evaluated. Subgroup analyses were performed based on TBI severity. Results: : Overall, 864 patients were diagnosed with acute TBI, of whom 227 were included in this study. The mortality rate in the study population was 15% (n=34). Those in the survival group were younger, had longer hospital stays, had a higher initial Glasglow coma scale (GCS) score, and had a higher intake of calorie supplements than those in the mortality group. In a subgroup analysis of patients with non-severe TBI (GCS >8), total calorie intake (751.4 vs. 434.2 kcal, p=0.029), total protein intake (37.5 vs. 22.1 g, p=0.045), and ratio of supplied to target calories (0.49 vs. 0.30, p=0.047) were higher in the survival group than in the mortality group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that calorie intake (B=-0.002, p=0.040) and initial hemoglobin level (B=-0.394, p=0.005) were risk factors for mortality in patients with non-severe TBI. Conclusion : More calories were supplied to the survival group than the mortality group among patients with TBI. Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that increased calorie supply was associated with reduced mortality in patients with non-severe TBI. The mortality group had low protein intake; however, this did not emerge as a risk factor for mortality. Early sufficient nutritional support improves the prognosis of patients with TBI.

Objective: : Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly exhibit a poor mental health status and can easily develop aspiration pneumonia. Thus, early proper nutrition through oral or tube feeding is difficult to achieve, leading to malnutrition. However, evidence regarding early nutritional support in the intensive care unit (ICU) is lacking. We aimed to assess the effect of early nutrition in patients with TBI admitted to the ICU. Methods: : Data of adult patients with TBI admitted to the trauma ICU of a regional trauma center in Korea between 2022 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Those with ICU stay <7 days, younger than 18 years, and with underlying diseases that could alter baseline metabolism, were excluded. Nutritional support on day 4 of ICU admission was measured. The patients were classified into mortality and survival groups, and risk factors for mortality were evaluated. Subgroup analyses were performed based on TBI severity. Results: : Overall, 864 patients were diagnosed with acute TBI, of whom 227 were included in this study. The mortality rate in the study population was 15% (n=34). Those in the survival group were younger, had longer hospital stays, had a higher initial Glasglow coma scale (GCS) score, and had a higher intake of calorie supplements than those in the mortality group. In a subgroup analysis of patients with non-severe TBI (GCS >8), total calorie intake (751.4 vs. 434.2 kcal, p=0.029), total protein intake (37.5 vs. 22.1 g, p=0.045), and ratio of supplied to target calories (0.49 vs. 0.30, p=0.047) were higher in the survival group than in the mortality group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that calorie intake (B=-0.002, p=0.040) and initial hemoglobin level (B=-0.394, p=0.005) were risk factors for mortality in patients with non-severe TBI. Conclusion : More calories were supplied to the survival group than the mortality group among patients with TBI. Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that increased calorie supply was associated with reduced mortality in patients with non-severe TBI. The mortality group had low protein intake; however, this did not emerge as a risk factor for mortality. Early sufficient nutritional support improves the prognosis of patients with TBI.

Objective: : Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly exhibit a poor mental health status and can easily develop aspiration pneumonia. Thus, early proper nutrition through oral or tube feeding is difficult to achieve, leading to malnutrition. However, evidence regarding early nutritional support in the intensive care unit (ICU) is lacking. We aimed to assess the effect of early nutrition in patients with TBI admitted to the ICU. Methods: : Data of adult patients with TBI admitted to the trauma ICU of a regional trauma center in Korea between 2022 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Those with ICU stay <7 days, younger than 18 years, and with underlying diseases that could alter baseline metabolism, were excluded. Nutritional support on day 4 of ICU admission was measured. The patients were classified into mortality and survival groups, and risk factors for mortality were evaluated. Subgroup analyses were performed based on TBI severity. Results: : Overall, 864 patients were diagnosed with acute TBI, of whom 227 were included in this study. The mortality rate in the study population was 15% (n=34). Those in the survival group were younger, had longer hospital stays, had a higher initial Glasglow coma scale (GCS) score, and had a higher intake of calorie supplements than those in the mortality group. In a subgroup analysis of patients with non-severe TBI (GCS >8), total calorie intake (751.4 vs. 434.2 kcal, p=0.029), total protein intake (37.5 vs. 22.1 g, p=0.045), and ratio of supplied to target calories (0.49 vs. 0.30, p=0.047) were higher in the survival group than in the mortality group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that calorie intake (B=-0.002, p=0.040) and initial hemoglobin level (B=-0.394, p=0.005) were risk factors for mortality in patients with non-severe TBI. Conclusion : More calories were supplied to the survival group than the mortality group among patients with TBI. Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that increased calorie supply was associated with reduced mortality in patients with non-severe TBI. The mortality group had low protein intake; however, this did not emerge as a risk factor for mortality. Early sufficient nutritional support improves the prognosis of patients with TBI.

Objective: : Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly exhibit a poor mental health status and can easily develop aspiration pneumonia. Thus, early proper nutrition through oral or tube feeding is difficult to achieve, leading to malnutrition. However, evidence regarding early nutritional support in the intensive care unit (ICU) is lacking. We aimed to assess the effect of early nutrition in patients with TBI admitted to the ICU. Methods: : Data of adult patients with TBI admitted to the trauma ICU of a regional trauma center in Korea between 2022 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Those with ICU stay <7 days, younger than 18 years, and with underlying diseases that could alter baseline metabolism, were excluded. Nutritional support on day 4 of ICU admission was measured. The patients were classified into mortality and survival groups, and risk factors for mortality were evaluated. Subgroup analyses were performed based on TBI severity. Results: : Overall, 864 patients were diagnosed with acute TBI, of whom 227 were included in this study. The mortality rate in the study population was 15% (n=34). Those in the survival group were younger, had longer hospital stays, had a higher initial Glasglow coma scale (GCS) score, and had a higher intake of calorie supplements than those in the mortality group. In a subgroup analysis of patients with non-severe TBI (GCS >8), total calorie intake (751.4 vs. 434.2 kcal, p=0.029), total protein intake (37.5 vs. 22.1 g, p=0.045), and ratio of supplied to target calories (0.49 vs. 0.30, p=0.047) were higher in the survival group than in the mortality group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that calorie intake (B=-0.002, p=0.040) and initial hemoglobin level (B=-0.394, p=0.005) were risk factors for mortality in patients with non-severe TBI. Conclusion : More calories were supplied to the survival group than the mortality group among patients with TBI. Additionally, logistic regression analysis showed that increased calorie supply was associated with reduced mortality in patients with non-severe TBI. The mortality group had low protein intake; however, this did not emerge as a risk factor for mortality. Early sufficient nutritional support improves the prognosis of patients with TBI.