Objective : To revise the general self-efficacy scale. Methods : 3094 subjects from 7 different cities in China finished the general self-efficacy scale. Results : The result of Item Analysis showed that 19 of the scale met psychometric criteria. The scale's internal consistency was 0.81, split reliability 0.81. It had acceptable discriminant validity: subjects with higher scale scores also had significantly higher scores in every items than those with lower scale scores, and this scale could effectively differentiate the high and low level managers, it also could effectively differentiate the managers groug and workers group. Exploratory factor analyses indicated that the scale had one dominant factor. Conclusion : The general self-efficacy scale has sound psychometric properties for further research.

Objective: To revise the Chinese version of the Social Comparison Orientation Scale. Methods: The questionnaire was administered to two samples with total of 1023 individuals. Results: The item analysis showed that all of the 11 items met psychometric criteria. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Chinese version of Social Comparison Scale was composed of two dimensions, which were ability and concept, which can explained 55. 6% of total variance. The internal consistency reliability was 0. 88 and the four weeks tesl-retest reliability coefficient was 0. 89. The further analysis revealed that the male sample had significantly lower scores than female sample (39. 4 ? 8. 7/41. 4 ?7. 3, t= -4. 06), and the employee sample had significantly lower scores than student sample (39. 5 ? 8. 6/41. 3 ?7. 5, t = -3. 98, P

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyelo-ureterolithotomy. Methods Totally 52 cases of unilateral urinary calculi were treated with retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyelo-ureterolithotomy in our hospital. All the patients received placement of ureteral stent during the operation. Results All the operations were completed successfully without conversion to open surgery. The time of the operation varied from 50 to 200 minutes with a mean of 110 minutes. The patients were discharged from hospital in 5 to 14 days (mean,7.5 days). Eight weeks after the operation,the stent was withdrawn from the patients. Follow-up was achieved in all of the patients for six months. Ultrasonography showed that the hydronephrosis disappeared in 21 cases at 3 months,and in 32 patients at 6 months. None of the cases had recurrence. ECT showed an increased GFR in eight patients with severe hydronephrosis (increased from a mean of 16 ml/min before the operation to 25 ml/min). Conclusions Retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyelo-ureterolithotomy is effective,safe,and less invasive for the calculi in the renal pelvic and upper ureter.

Objective To observe the suppression of special shRNA producing plasmid to hepatitis B virus(HBV) S gene and C gene on HBV replication and expression in HepG2.2.15 cells.Methods pSilenceCircle-U6 including pol Ⅲ promoter was used to construct HBV special shRNA producing plasmid as SC-S and SC-C.The experimental groups included SC-S group,SC-C group,unrelated control SC-N group and blank control group.With different dosages and at different time,shRNA producing plasmid was transfected into HepG2.2.15 cells.HBeAg and HBsAg in the culture media was detected by ELISA assay and HBV DNA in the culture media was measured by dot blotting assay. Results The recombinant shRNA producing plasmid with target sequence was constructed successfully.The inhibitory rates of HBeAg and HBsAg expressions by SC-S were much higher than those by SC-C.The inhibitory effects of HBeAg and HBsAg expressions were increased when the dose of SC-S was greater.The inhibitory effects of HBeAg and HBsAg expressions by SC-S were significant on the 3rd day after transfection and the inhibitory effect was the strongest on the 6th day.The inhibitory rate was still higher on the 9th day after transfection.Dot blotting assay showed the inhibitory effect of HBV replication by SC-S was greater than that by SC-C.Conclusion The shRNA producing plasmid with HBV S gene and C gene can be highly effective to inhibit the replication and expression of HBV.

Objective To investigate the change of (NZB?NZW) F1 mice (BWF1) with ? 2 microglobulin deficiency and explore the role of ? 2 microglobulin in murine lupus.Methods ? 2 microglobulin knockout BWF1 mice were made according to the reference.The IgG type anti phospholipid antibodies.IgG type and anti dsDNA antibodies,rheumatoid factor,IgG and IgG3 were detected using ELISA.The survival rate,autoantibodies,IgG and IgG3 were compared between knockout mice (? 2m -/- ),wild type mice (? 2m +/+ ) and heterozygous mice (? 2m +/- ).Results ? 2m deficiency did not affect the survival rate of BWF1 mice.But the mortality of male BWF1 mice was lower than that of famale BWF1 mice.Antiphospholipid antibodies in ? 2m -/- BWF1 mice were lower than the wild type group and heterozygous group at month 4.Anti dsDNA antibodies had no difference between the three groups.RF was lower in ? 2m -/- BWF1 mice than ? 2m +/- and ? 2m +/+ BWF1 mice at month 4 and then elevated.At month 9 was higher than ? 2m +/- and ? 2m +/+ BWF1 mice significantly.As for the IgG,it was lower in ? 2m -/- BWF1 group than in ? 2m +/- and ? 2m +/+ BWF1 mice at months 4 and 6,and had no differnce between three groups.It minght be due to the severe proteinuria,ascites and hypoproteinemia.IgG3 was lower in ? 2m -/- BWF1 mice than in other groups,which only occur at month 6.Conclusion ? 2m knockout affects the murine lupus BWF1 in many ways,but not the survival rate.It affects the generation of autoantibodies mainly the antiphospholipid antibodies and RF.? 2m deficiency affects the function of neonatal FcR and results in IgG decreased because of difficult absorbent of IgG from gut and increased catabolism.

Objective Retrospectively evaluate low dose computed tomography (CT) as part of a combined 18F-NaF positron emission tomography (18F-NaFPET/CT) examination in lung cancer patients suspected of bone metastases. Methods 118 of 122 lesions with increased uptake of 18F-NaF were assessed. Characteristics of bone metastases on CT images were reviewed by radiologists. Results 27 of 47 metastases presented as sites of increased uptake with corresponding lytic or sclerotic changes on low dose CT. Other 20 show normal or non-specific appearing bone on CT. Most benign lesions (67 of 71,94%)have a benign appearance on low-dose CT. Conclusions Low dose CT images were useful in precisely diagnosing bone metastasis. Negative low dose CT appearance to the abnormal foci on PET may be a reliable sign of metastases.

Objective To explore the distributions of C AG polymorphisms of androgen receptor gene in Chinese population and the relatio nship with prostate cancer (CaP). Methods The number of CAG repeats were measured in 105 cases with CaP and 190 matched case-control b y PCR、DHPLC and Sequencing analysis,and its association with the susceptibility to CaP. Results The average number of CAG repeats was 2 2.7 in CaP and 23.3 in control group ( P =0.22).Men with CAG repeats lengt h less than 22 may be in high risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio,2.39;95%CI 1.1 9～4.81, P =0.012),compared with men CAG repeats length of 22 or more. Conclusions A less CAG repeat length (

Objective To evaluate the alternate intravesical instillation of MMC and IL 2 together with BCG for the prevention of bladder cancer recurrence. Methods The instillation was carried out for 41 cases of bladder cancer after surgical management.All the patients have been followed up for 38～66 months with an average of 50 months.TNFa levels were periodically detected after the instillation. Results No recurrence has been noted in all the 34 patients of Ta,T 1 and T 2 tumors except 1 with mixed squamous cancer. 3 of 7 T 3 cases underwent TURBT,recurrence was noted in 2 and the TNFa remained much higher after the instillation. Conclusions Alternate intravesical instillation of MMC and IL 2 together with BCG is an effective means of preventing bladder cancer recurrence.TNFa detection might serve as a marker for bladder cancer recurrence.

Objective To investigate the effects of β adrenergic receptor blocker carvedilol and cholinergic receptor blocker scopolamine on the biological behaviors of prostate cancer in C57BL/6 mice.Methods From June 2014 to November 2014, sixty male C57BL/6 mice, 10 weeks old, were injected with RM-1 cells (0.5 × 106) into bilateral dorsal prostate capsules of each mice by microsyringe and were randomly divided into three groups, including carvedilol group (K), scopolamine group (D) and saline group (N) after modeling.In K group, the carvedilol (10 mg/kg) was given to mice through gastric tube.The normal saline was given to them by subcutaneous injection.In D group, the normal saline was given to mice through gastric tube.Meanwhile, the scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously.In N group, daily normal saline was given by through gastric tube and subcutaneous injection.At the seventh day of postoperation, five mouse were sacrificed in each group every three days to observe the local growth,invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer to pelvic nodes and liver.Immunohistochemical determination of prostate tumor was made by TH staining and VAChT staining in each group.Results The volume of the prostate cancer was gradually increased in three groups.There was no statistical difference of prostate volume among three groups on the day 7 and 10 post-operatively (all P ＞ 0.05).The prostate volume of K group, D group and N group on the day 13 were 0.05 ± 0.04, 0.18 ± 0.08, 0.14 ± 0.05 cm3, respectively (P ＜0.05).However, the statistical significance existed between K and N group (P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistical difference of AOD between TH and VAChT among three groups on the day 7 (all P ＞ 0.05).The AOD of TH and VAChT in prostate cancer of K group, D group and N group on the day 10 were [(0.0114±0.016), (0.114±0.002), (0.059±0.008)] and [(0.025 ±0.011), (0.0226±0.003), (0.009±0.003)], respectively (P ＜0.05).Those values on the day 13 were [(0.147 ±0.036),(0.129 ±0.025), (0.071 ±0.022)] and [(0.020 ±0.005), (0.020 ±0.002), (0.010 ±0.002)],respectively (P ＜0.05).TH and VAChT expression of K and D in 10th and 13th is higher than in N (all P ＜ 0.05).At the 7th day, no metastasis of pelvic nodes was detected in all groups.At 10th day, 2 cases of K, no case of D and 3 cases of N were detected the lymph node metastasis.At the 13th day, 3 cases of K, 1 case of D and 4 cases of N were recorded the lymph node metastasis.At the 7th day, no metastasis of liver was detected.At 10th day, 1 case of K, no case of D and 2 cases of N were found the liver metastasis.At the 13th day, 3 cases of K, 1 case of D and 4 cases of N were recorded the liver metastasis.The lifesapn of tumor-bearing mice in K group, D group and N group was 16.8 ±0.8, 17.6 ±0.5, 15.8 ±0.1, respectively (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions β adrenergic receptor blocker carvedilol can suppress the growth of prostate cancer and cholinergic receptor blocker scopolamine may can inhibit metastasis of prostate cancer.

Objective To acquire high spatial resolution two-dimension pulse pressure distribution for objectifying research of pulse diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine.Methods A sensor array with flexible packing was designed and implemented.The array was formed on a circle substrate with 37 silicon piezoresistive pressure sensors,which were distributed as equilateral triangles with 1.95 mm pitch.The diameter of the substrate was 15 mm.By using flexible packing,the array had the hardness similar to that of human finger,which made this method closer to the traditional Chinese diagnosis.After differential amplifying,37-way pulse pressure signals were digitalized and reconstructed to obtain the pulse pressure distribution.Results With the application of the sensor array,the pulse pressure signals were measured and transformed into pulse pressure distribution.Conclusions The experimental result contains the relevant characteristics of traditional Chinese pulse diagnosis' description,providing a new way for objective study of traditional Chinese pulse diagnosis and further study.