OBJECTIVE: To discuss the development direction for hospital pharmacists in the medical reform and to promote rational use of drugs.METHODS: The status quo for the medical reform was analyzed based on the practicality of hospital and the author's perspectives on how to improve pharmaceutical care level was presented.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Hospital pharmacists should change pharmaceutical care model to face up to the challenges in the medical reform by establishing clinical pharmacists' team and setting up pharmaceutical care center to improve pharmaceutical care level and adapt to the development of medical reform.

Objective To establish the a staging system based on scoring of ketamine associated urinary dysfunction (KAUD) and evaluate its diagnosis performance and clinical value.Methods A retrospective analysis of 135 admitted KAUD patients from September 2009 to September 2015 was performed.All patients were classified into three stages according to bladder and upper urinary tract impairment, and treated with subsequent strategy.The behavioral modification and pharmacotherapy was performed in stage Ⅰ which image investigation was normal.Hydrodistension and intravesical perfusion was used if pharmacotherapy failed in stage Ⅱ patients who had bladder impairment in image or urodynamics.Augmentation cystoplasty or cystectomy with urinary diversion was optional if aforementioned treatment failed in stage Ⅲ who had upper urinary tract involvement and abnormal renal function.The voided volume, micturition interval, and nocturnal void frequency as recorded in their 3-day bladder diary, PUF, ICPI and ICSI score after treatment in one month, were compared with their baseline data prior to treatment.Ketamine abusing history, renal and liver function, bladder and upper urinary tract changes, urodynamics and radioisotope renography correlation with stages were analyzed.A scoring system was established and the concordance between the clinical staging and model staging of each patient was compared.Receiver operating characteristic curve was employed to testify the sensitivity and specificity.Results There were 39, 80 and 16 patients included in each stage respectively.After subsequent strategy of treatment, voided volume, micturition interval, and nocturnal void frequency, PUF, ICPI and ICSI were improved significantly.Age (P =0.018), ketamine abusing history (P =0.006), eGFR (P =0.001), ALT (P =0.037), γ-GT (P ＜ 0.001), bladder (P =0.013) and ureteral changes (P ＜ 0.001), hydronephrosis (P ＜ 0.001) and radioisotope renography abnormality (P =0.01) were correlated with clinical stages.In total, 107 cases' stages based on scoring were accordant with clinical stages (30, 65 and 12 cases in each stage respectively).AUC of the scoring model ROC was 0.922 on cut point between Ⅰ and Ⅱ stages and AUC of the scoring model ROC was 0.978 on cut point between Ⅱ and Ⅲ stages.Conclusions We presented a scoring staging system of KAUD based on ketamine abusing history, laboratory test results, and imaging findings.It might be helpful to evaluate the progression on bladder and upper urinary tract, and provide a reference for treatment.This staging system based on scoring still needs further validation and improvement.

Objective To identify the risk factors of chronic ketamine-induced upper urinary tract dysfunction (KUUTD).Methods Medical records of 103 patients with ketamine-associated urinary dysfunction(KAUD) from Sep.2009 to Jul.2015 were retrospectively reviewed.All the patients were divided into the upper urinary tract dysfunction group(n =39)or the normal group(n =64)according to the diagnostic criteria.Indexes such as general features (age,gender,BMI),drug-abusing characteristics (abusing time,frequency,dose,abstinent period),duration of LUTS,pelvic pain and urgency/frequency symptom score(PUF score),serum parameters (WBC,ALT,AST,γ-GT),bladder diary (daytime inter-void interval,nocturia,average urine volume),urodynamic data (maximum cystometric capacity,post-void residual,maximum urethral closure pressure,maximum and average flow rate,instable contraction,bladder compliance) and imaging manifestations were compared between the two groups.Logistic regression analysis was performed for the evaluation of variables with statistical significance.Results There was significantly difference between the two groups in BMI (t =2.127,P =0.043),drug-abusing frequency (t =2.335,P =0.029),abstinent period (t =3.451,P =0.003),duration of LUTS (t =2.289,P =0.036),PUF score (t =3.030,P =0.004),γ-GT value(t =2.697,P =0.012),MCC(t =5.056,P ＜ 0.001),MUCP(t =3.015,P =0.008),BC (t =8.562,P ＜ 0.001) and imaging findings of bladder contracture (x2 =15.155,P ＜0.001).The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that drug-abusing frequency(OR =1.279,P =0.038),abstinent period(OR =0.394,P =0.028),γ-GT value (OR =1.007,P =0.032),MCC (OR =0.775,P =0.011)and BC (OR =0.013,P =0.008)were the key factors of KUUTD.Conclusion Consecutive and frequent drug abuse,combination with chronic obstructive cholangitis,reduced capacity and low compliance bladder are the risk factors of upper urinary tract dysfunction associated with ketamine abuse.

Objective To discuss the imaging features of pulmonary lophomonas blattarum infecfiom Methods Seventeen patients with renal homotransplantations presented fever without congh.dyspnea and shortness of breath in 1-4 months after the transplantation were included.Chest X-ray abnormalities were comfirmed as pulmonary lophomonag blattarum infection through fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB)and bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL).The X-ray and CT films were reviewed and the imaging features were summarized.Results X-ray appearances:Bilateral pulmonary shadows were seen in 16 patients.of which 9 cases presented patchy and cord shadows,and 7 cases presented large area of pathy shadows.Lung marking increase Wag seen in 1 case.CT appearances:CT abnormalities presented bilaterally and involved more than two lobes in all 16 patients.15 eases displayed ground-glass opacity.11 cases displayed patchy consolidation,14 cases displayed bandlike attenuation,and 8 cases displayed nodular opacity.Ground-glass opacity,consolidation and bandlike attenuation were seen simultaneously in 11 cases.Lymph node enlargement in mediastinum Wag presented in 10 cages.Conclusion Pulmonary lophomonas blattarum infection should be suspected in immunosuppressed patients combining the CT appearances and clinical information.

Objective: To evaluate the risk of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on excess mortality among residents. Methods: The data of residential mortality in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province from 2015 to 2021 were collected from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The average daily mass concentration of PM2.5 and meteorology data were collected from the Yangzhou Environmental Monitoring Station and Yangzhou Meteorological Bureau, respectively. The effects of PM2.5 on non-accidental mortality, morality of respiratory diseases and mortality of circulatory diseases were evaluated using a generalized additive model. The risk of excess mortality was evaluated using excess risk (ER) and the number of excess mortality. Results: The median average annual mass concentration of PM2.5 was 38.00 (interquartile range, 31.95) µg/m3 in Yangzhou City from 2015 to 2021, decreasing from 51.75 (interquartile range, 32.82) µg/m3 in 2015 to 28.00 (interquartile range, 23.42) µg/m3 in 2021. The median average annual number of non-accidental mortality, mortality of respiratory diseases and mortality of circulatory diseases were 96 (interquartile range, 22), 9 (interquartile range, 5) and 38 (interquartile range, 13) cases, respectively. The greatest effects of per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 mass concentration on non-accidental mortality, mortality of respiratory diseases, and mortality of circulatory diseases were seen at a cumulative lag of 1 day (ER=0.528%, 95%CI: 0.293%-0.763%), a cumulative lag of 2 days (ER=0.917%, 95%CI: 0.125%-1.714%) and a cumulative lag of 1 day (ER=0.595%, 95%CI: 0.232%-0.961%), respectively. The number of excess mortality caused by PM2.5 on non-accidental mortality, mortality of respiratory diseases, and mortality of circulatory diseases in Yangzhou City from 2015 to 2021 were 2 125, 412 and 977 cases, respectively; compared with 2015, the number of excess mortality in 2021 decreased by 66.95%, 75.53% and 64.42%, respectively. Conclusions An increase in the mass concentration of atmospheric PM2.5 may elevate the risk of excess mortality among residents. Compared to 2015, the number of excess deaths attributed to exposure to atmospheric PM2.5 declined in 2021.

Objective To detect the changes of the NJ001 specific antigen expression before and after surgery, and evaluate whether the NJ001 specific antigen could be used as a serum biomarker for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.Methods With the method of sandwich ELISA, the serum samples from 85 pancreatic cancer patients, 22 pancreatic benign tumor and 40 healthy controls were detected respectively. The results of the NJ001 specific antigen in the serum samples from 85 pancreatic cancer patients were compared with CA19-9 detected by ECLIA.Results The positive rate of NJ001 for the pancreatic cancer group was obviously higher than that for the benign pancreatic tumor and health control groups[50.6%(43/85) vs 18.2%(4/22), χ2 =7.451, P<0.05; 50.6%(43/85) vs 10.0%(4/40), χ2 =19.098, P<0.05].The difference between benign pancreatic tumor group and health control group had no statistical significance[18.2%(4/22) vs 10.0%(4/40),χ2 =0.845, P>0.05].The positive rate in the group of pancreatic cancer before surgery was higher than that after surgery[50.6%(43/85) vs 23.5%(20/85),χ2=13.341, P<0.05].In addition, the results from 85 pancreatic cancer patients showed the specificity of NJ001 specific antigen was up to 87.1%.Although the positive rate of NJ001 specific antigen for pancreatic cancer was lower than that of CA19-9[50.6%(43/85) vs 75.3%(64/85), χ2 =11.121, P<0.05], it was higher when they combined [ 85.9%( 73/85 ) ] .Conclusions It shows high positive rate of NJ001 specific antigen in the patients of pancreatic cancer in this study, which suggests that NJ001 specific antigen might be a potential valuable biomarker for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Objective To investigate the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 ( FGFR-4 ) in the papillary thyroid carcinomas ( PTC ) and clinical significance . Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting for the expression of FGF-2 and FGFR-4 were performed in 89 cases of PTC and 30 cases of normal thyroid tissues ( NTT) adjacent to the tumors .Results Immunohistochemistry results showed that , FGF-2 and FGFR-4 expressions were high in thyroid carcinoma (P<0.01,P<0.01) in contrast to that in the normal thyroid tissues, and the difference was statistically significant;There was a positive linear correlation between expressions of FGF-2 and FGFR-4 and lymph node metastasis (χ2 =14.798,P<0.01;χ2 =7.27,P<0.01)and differentiation degree (χ2=13.824,P<0.01;χ2 =16.921, P<0.01) in papillary thyroid carcinoma ,while there was no difference in gender ,age and tumor size(P>0.05).Analyzed by Western blotting technique ,FGF-2 and FGFR-4 expressions in thyroid carcinoma were significantly higher than that in normal tissue ,with decrease of cancer degree of tissue differentiation and significantly up regulated expression (P<0.05).Expressions of FGF-2 and FGFR-4 were in a positive linear correlation in the disease (rs=0.434,P<0.01).Conclusion The expressions of FGF-2 and FGFR-4 are correlated with papillary thyroid cancer and they participated in the process of invasion and metastasis , both of which have a positive synergistic effect .The degree of malignancy and biological behavior are meaningful and comprehensive indicators ,which provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent experimental studies of cellular and molecular biology .

Objective To evaluate the preventive effects of Haishe capsules on the conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to Alzheimer's disease(AD).Methods Patients (n=120) with aMCI from our department were recruited and randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group (n=60 in each group).The treatment group was given 0.9 gram of Haishe capsules three times a day while the control group received no drug treatment.Data on the conversion ratio,memory and cognitive function were comparedbetween the groups in a 24-months follow-up.Results By the end of the study,12 patients in the treatment group and 15 in the control group dropped out.Valid data for 93 patients were available for statistical analysis (48 in the treatment group and 45 in the control group).The number of aMCI patients who converted to AD was 6,with a conversion ratio of 12.5％ (6/48);and the number of patients who went through conversion in the control group was 13,with a conversion ratio of 28.8％ (13/45).The difference in conversion between the two groups was statistically significant (x2 =3.83,P＜0.05).After 24 months,MMSE scores for the treatment group (25.52± 1.07) had no significant change compared with baseline levels,while MMSE scores for the control group decreased significantly(24.75--1.49) and were markedly lower than thosefor the treatment group (t=2.85,P＜0.05).MoCA scores for the treatment group (19.39 ±2.01) did not show decline until the end of the study,while those for the control group started to decrease about half way through the study and were lower than scores for the treatment group (t =2.41,P＜0.05).Compared with baseline levels,ADAS-Cogscores for the treatment group (7.62± 1.06) did not increase significantly during the course of the study.ADAS-Cogscores forthe control group were higher at both half way (7.70±0.75) and the end of the study (8.18±0.80)than base line levels,and there was a statistically significant difference in end-of-study ADAS-Cog scores between the two groups(t =-2.6,P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Haishe capsules not only effectively maintain memory and cognitive function,but also delay the conversion from aMCI to AD.

Objective To characterize the female urinary microbiome associated to OAB (overactive bladder) and investigate relationships between urinary microbiome and psychological factors.Methods 30 women with OAB and 25 asymptomatic controls were recruited and required to finish the overactive bladder symptom score,self-rating anxiety scale,self-rating depression scale and quality of life questionaires.Urine specimens were collected by transurethral catheterization and processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Sequencing reads were processed using QIIME.Analyses for bacterial genera biomarker was used LEfSe algorithms.Bivariate correlations were assessed using Pearson's correlation.Results The two cohorts showed no significance difference in their demographic characteristics.OAB patients had significantly higher scores on overactive bladder symptom score,self-rating anxiety scale,self-rating depression scale and quality of life than controls (P ＜ 0.001).We found that bacterial diversity (Chao1 index:1 854.09 ± 1 239.34) and richness (Simpson index:0.75 ±0.23) were decreased in OAB samples than those of controls (Chao1 index:2 866.27 ± 1 795.22;Simpson index:0.86 ± 0.12;P =0.02).At the family level,Enterobacteriaceae and (17.6％ vs.8.1％;P =0.03) Bifidobacteriaceae (14.8％ vs.3.6％;P =0.01) were significantly more abundant in the OAB samples than the controls.Compared to controls,7 genera increased in OAB patients (e.g.,Proteus and Aerococcus) and 13 reduced (e.g.,Lactobacillus and Prevotella).There are negative correlations between scores on Self-Rating Depression Scale and both Chao1 (r =-0.458,P =0.011) and shannon indexes (r =-0.516,P =0.003) in OAB patients,which indicates that OAB patients with depression have further reductions in bacterial diversity and richness.Conclusions The aberrant urinary microbiome may serve as disease biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of OAB.A negative correlation between depression scores and both bacterial richness and diversity in OAB patients indicated that there might be a connection between central nervous system and urinary microbiome.

Objective To explore the relationships among the central nervous system,the lower urinary tract and urinary microbiome by a rat model of stress-induced voiding dysfunction.Methods Rats were randomly assigned to stress group (exposure to water-avoidance stress for 10 days),stress-withdrawal group (exposure to the stress and then withdrawal for 2 weeks) or control group.On day 11 for stress and control groups or 2 weeks after day 11 for stress-withdrawal group,the Light-dark box transition test,lower abdominal pain threshold,micturition frequency and cystometry measurements were determined.Urine specimens were collected and processed for 16S rDNA gene sequencing.Results Compared to control group,the water-avoidance stress dramatically decreased in the time spent in the light area (P ＜0.01) and decreased mechanical pain threshold in stress group,which were reversed in stress-withdrawal group.While there was no significant difference in the micturition frequency between the control and stress-withdrawal groups,the stress group (20.33 ± 3.77) showed significantly more micturition frequencies than control (8.14 ± 2.23) and stress-withdrawal group (9.67 ± 1.89) (P ＜ 0.01).The stress dramatically increased voiding contractions in both the stress (7.33 ± 1.79) and stress-withdrawal (4.83 ± 1.06) groups compared to control rats (2.71 ± 1.38) (P ＜ 0.05).However,the stress-withdrawal group showed less voiding contractions than the stress group (P =0.03).The bacteria diversity in stress group were dramatically higher than those of the other two groups (P ＜ 0.01).Almost all specimens of the control rats were dominated by Enterococcacae,whereas samples from the stress group contained more diverse bacteria.The diversity of microbiota in the stress-withdrawal group was between those of the other two groups.LEfSe identified genera differed significantly among groups:Lactococcus and Proteus were significantly increased in in the stress-withdrawal group;Halomonas,Aggregatibacter,Haemophilus,Pseudomonas and Streptococcus were significantly higher in the stress group.Conclusions Water-avoidance stress experiments demonstrated the impact of stress on bladder function and urinary microbiome,which tended to be ameliorated after a two-week withdrawal from stress.Further research is needed to understand the connections between central nervous system,bladder and urinary microbiome.