Objective To make a rapid dose estimation for a patient exposed locally to high dose radiation exposure in early stage of 5.7 192Ir source accident in Nanjing.Methods Based on source parameters,exposure pattern,and time duration,the doses were estimated using MCNP simulations with the aid of the proper East Asia adult male voxel phantom and main physiological parameters of the exposed patient.Result Absorbed doses to 16 organs or tissues were estimated to be in the range 0.03 to 9.16 Gy.Also,the iso-dose curves for the skin of legs showed clearly the dose difference between right and left legs.Absorbed doses to patient's testicles and prostrate,about 9.16 Gy,were higher than those to other organs or tissues.The skin of both legs was exposed locally to high dose radiation exposure,for which the estimated doses were in agreement with the results obtained from infrared thermal imaging.Conclusions Monte Carlo simulation technique and common software can be used for dose estimation in early stage of radiation accidents effectively with integrating proper models.

As a pattern of lymph node metastasis , extracapsular lymph node involvement has occurred in many malignant tumors,including the esophageal carcinoma.This paper reviewed the research on extracapsular lymph node involvement in e-sophageal carcinoma worldwide including the development mechanism , clinical diagnosis, incidence and the prognosis signifi-cance, etc.The research progress and clinical significance of extracapsular lymph node involvement in esophageal carcinoma were fully explored and summarized.