Objective To explore the status of obesity and diet behavior in young and middle-aged people of Jinan and supply reference for controlling overweight and obesity by diet intervention. Methods Stratified sampling method was conducted to investigate 18～59 inhabitants in Jinan. The information about their body height,body weight and diet behavior was collected to further analyze the relationship between the status of obesity and correlated behaviors by the SPSS 11.5 software. Results The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity had a significant difference between young group and middle-aged group(P＜0.01), which was separately 21.56% and 33.46%; the prevalence rate of overweight and obesity in young group had a significant difference between males and females(P＜0.05),but no significant difference in middle-aged group.Compared with the diet behavior problems of normal body weight people, the incidence rate of overweight and obesity was significantly higher(P＜0.01),but no significant difference for the habit of midnight snack.Females paid more attention to reasonable match and the speed of food intake than males.Conclusion Overweight and obesity in young and middle-aged people of Jinan is relatively serious,which is closely correlated with unscientific diet behavior.

Objective To investigate the changes in the levels of motilin in the gastric body in a rat model of incisional pain.Methods Eighty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into 2 groups (n =42 each):normal saline group (NS group) and incisional pain group (P group).In group P an 1 cm long incision was made in the plantar surface of right hindpaw under sevotlurane anesthesia.Six rats were chosen from each group and paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to nociceptive thermal stimulation (TWL) were measured at 24 h before operation (To) and 1,6,24,48 and 72 h after operation (T1-5).Six rats were chosen from each group at T0-5 and sacrificed and the gastric mucosal tissues were prepared for measurement of motilin levels by ELISA.Results Compared with group NS,MWT,TWL and motilin levels were significantly decreased at T1-4 (P ＜ 0.05) and no significant change was found at T0 and T5 in P group (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with the baseline value at To,MWT,TWL and motilin levels were significantly decreased at T1-4,and no significant change was found at T5 in group P (P ＞ 0.05).MWT,TWL and motilin levels were significantly higher at T3-T5 than at T1 in group P (P ＜ 0.05).MWT,TWL and motilin levels were increased gradually at T3-T5 in P group (P ＜ 0.05).The motilin levels were positively correlated with MWT and TWL (r =0.9597 and 0.9231,respectively,P ＜ 0.01) in group P.Conclusion The levels of motilin in the gastric body is significantly decreased in a rat model of incisional pain and the decreasing range is positively corre lated with the degree of incisional pain.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of noninvasive bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ventilation after extubation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated with type Ⅱ respiratory failure.Methods Forty-one intubated COPD eases with severe respiratory failure due to pulmonary infection (pneumonia or purulent bronchitis) were involved in the study.At the time of pulmonary infection control (PIC) window,the extubation was conducted and followed by BiPAP ventilation in 21 cases (the experimental group),while the other 20 COPD cases with similar clinical characteristics,as the control group,who continuously received invasive mechanical ventilation after PIC window.Outcomes including the duration of invasive ventilation,the total duration of ventilation support,success rate,the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and mortality rate were observed and compared between the two groups.Results The two groups had similar clinical characteristics and gas exchange at the time of PIC window (P ＞ 0.05 ).Compared with the control group,the experimental group had shorter duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (6.9±3.0) d vs.(13.1 ±4.3) d,t=5.38,P＜0.001),lower rate of VAP (1/20 vs.8/20,x2 =5.51,P=0.02) andhigher extubation rate (20/21 vs.13/20,x2 =4.19,P =0.04).Conclusion In COPD patients with intubation and mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure,BiPAP ventilation after extubation at the point of PIC window may improve patients' prognosis.

Objective To verify the validity and feasibility of national early warning score (NEWS) in evaluation of death risk in elderly patients with critical illness,in order to find out which scoring method is more suitable for elderly critical illness patients.Methods A prospective case-control study was conducted.The critical illness patients aged over 60 years old with the length of hospital stay over 24 hours,and admitted to Department of Emergency of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from January to December 2015 were enrolled.The clinical data including in emergency and the actual outcome of patients were collected,and the patients were divided into death group and survival group according to 30-day outcome.Patients in the two groups were assessed by using NEWS and risk classification according to the first results of vital signs monitoring.Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the NEWS classification and the risk of death in elderly critical ill patients.Results 1 950 emergency elderly patients with critical illness were enrolled,with 78 cases (4.0％) dead within 30 days and 1 872 survived (96.0％).Compared with the survival group,patients in death group were older (years:79.8 ± 10.8 vs.75.3 ± 8.9,t =4.335,P ＜0.001),and had higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score (22.9± 4.6 vs.18.2 ± 4.8,t =8.487,P ＜ 0.001),lower Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score (12.2 ± 4.5 vs.13.4 ± 5.2,t =-2.007,P =0.045),higher incidence of respiratory system diseases (29.5％ vs.17.9％,x 2 =12.742,P =0.013),higher NEWS score (11.2 ± 5.5 vs.3.9 ± 2.7,t =22.063,P ＜ 0.001),as well as higher proportion of patients with NEWS classification of high risk and very high risk (65.4％ vs.15.8％,x 2 =263.125,P ＜ 0.001).With the increase of NEWS risk classification,mortality rate was also increased,and the mortality rate in the patients with low,medium,high and very high risk were 0.81％ (9/1 108),3.63％ (18/496),5.83％ (13/223),30.89％ (38/123),respectively,with statistically significant difference (x 2 =179.741,P ＜ 0.001).It was showed by logistic regression analysis that the NEWS score of elderly patients with critical illness were positively correlated with 30-day death.The 30-day death risk of patients with middle risk,high risk and very high risk was 4.600,9.052 and 54.598 folds of the patients with low risk respectively.Conclusion NEWS score can be used to assess the risk of death in emergency elderly patients with critical illness.NEWS risk classification can quantify and classify the risk of death in the elderly patients with critical illness.

Objective To investigate the injuries caused by cholesterol to the vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Methods Different dosage of cholesterol (6.25,12.5,25.0,50.0 mg/L) was used on human umbilical endothelial cell line,ECV304,respectively. LDH activity,nitric oxide and the nitric oxide synthetase activity in the supernatant of cell culture were detected. The concentration of MCP-1 protein in cell culture was detected by ELISA. Results As compared with the normal control cells,a significant increase of LDH activity was found in the cells treated with 50.0 mg/L cholesterol. The NO level decreased in the cells treated by 25.0 or 50.0 mg/L cholesterol. When treated by cholesterol at dose of 6.25,12.5,25.0 or 50.0 mg/L respectively,the NOS activity was greatly decreased and MCP-1 protein was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Cholesterol of high concentration could directly injure the structure and partial function of VECs.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the levels of motilin in the duodenum in a rat model of incisional pain.Methods Eighty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 months,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into 2 groups (n =42 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and incisional pain group (group P).The animals were anesthetized with sevoflurane.In group P,a 1 cm long incision was made in the plantar surface of right hindpaw.Six rats were chosen from each group and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before operation (T0) and 1,6,24,48 and 72 h after operation (T1-5).Six rats were chosen from each group at T0-5 and sacrificed and the duodenal mucosal tissue was prepared for measurement of motilin levels by ELISA.Pearson linear correlate analysis was performed between the motilin level and pain threshold at each time point in group P.Results Compared with group C,MWT was significantly decreased,TWL was shortened,and motilin levels were significantly increased at T1-4,and no significant change was found at T0 and T5 in group P.The motilin levels were negatively correlated with MWT (r =-0.8 910) and TWL (r =-0.8 463) in group P.Conclusion Incisional pain can promote the secretion of motilin in the duodenum.

Aim To study the effects of ginsenoside-Ro on cell proliferation and cytokine production in murine splenocytes. Methods The effect of ginsenoside-Ro on murine splenocytes proliferation was studied using [3 H] thymidine incorporation assay. Effects of ginsenoside-Ro on the production of cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) from murine splenocytes were detected by ELISA method. Effects of ginsenoside-Ro on mRNA level of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and Th2cytokine IL-4 were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.Results Ginsenoside-Ro showed no mitogenic effect on unstimulated murine splenocytes. It enhanced the proliferation of Con A-induced murine splenocytes and the production of IL-2 at concentrations of 1 - 10decreased the production and expression of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in Con A-induced murine splenocytes at regulating the production and expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in murine splenocytes.

Objective To evaluate the effects of intrathecal low-dose naloxone,morphine and fentanyl on the expression of motilin (MTL) in the spinal cord in rats with incisional pain.Methods Seventy-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:normal saline group (NS group),morphine + fentanyl group (MF group),incisional pain group (P group),naloxone + incisional pain group (NP group),morphine + fentanyl + incisional pain group (MFP group),and morphine + fentanyl + naloxone +incisional pain group (MFNP group).Incisional pain was induced by an incision made into the plantar surface of the right hindpaw.At 20 min before induction of incisional pain,the mixture of morphine 5 μg/kg and fentanyl 0.25 μg/kg was injected intrathecally in MF,MFP and MFNP groups,and naloxone 1 ng/kg was given in NP and MFNP groups.Six rats from each group were randomly chosen,and paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (PWMT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli (PWTL) were measured before intrathecal catheterization (T0,baseline),at 24 h before induction of incisional pain (T1),and at 1,3 and 6 h after induction of incisional pain (T2-4).The left 6 rats from each group were chosen and sacrificed and the spinal cord were removed at 6 h after operation for detection of MTL content in the spinal cord,body of the stomach and duodeum tissues (by ELISA).Results Compared with the baseline value at T0,PWMT was significantly increased at T3,and PWTL was prolonged at T2-4 in MF group,PWMT was decreased and PWTL was shortened at T2-4 in P group and at T3,4 in NP group,PWMT was increased at T2,3 in MFP group,and PWMT was increased and PWTL was prolonged at T2 in MFNP group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with NS group,MTL contents in spinal cord and body of the stomach were significantly decreased in MF and NP groups,MTL cortent in duodeum was decreased in group MF,while increased in group NP and MTL content in spinal cord was increased,and MTL content in body of the stomach was decreased in P and MFP groups,MTL content in duodeum was increased in group P,while decreased in group MFP(P ＜ 0.05),however,no significant change was found in MTL content in MFNP group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Intrathecal low-dose naloxone combined with morphine and fentanyl can inhibit up-regulation of the expression of MTL in the spinal cord in rats with incisional pain and is involved in the maintenance of stable gastrointestinal motility.

Objective To examine the circulating glucose and body weight in the transgenic MKR mouse model who expressed dominant-negative IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor in skeletal muscle leading to systemic insulin resistance and diabetes. Methods MKR mice were genotyped by PCR analysis of tail DNA.And in these mice we examined the circulating glucose and body weight once a week from 1 to 16 weeks of age, and the circulating insulin and glucose tolerance at age of two-month-old by using C57 mice as controls. Results The descendents of MKR mice kept hereditary feature. And these mice had hyperglycaemia from 3 weeks of age,and an increasing body weight slowly(P<0.01).Twenty-fold significant hyperinsulinemia was observed in MKR mice,and they were glucose intolerant in 2-month-old male and female (P<0.01).Conclusions The MKR mouse is an excellent model of type 2 diabetes

Objective To investigate the resistance of carbapenems,the production of metallobeta-lactamases(MBLs)and homology analysis of Psendomonas aeruginosa in China.Methods A total of 654 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were collected from 28 hospitals in 16 difierent regions during the period from July 2006 to July 2007 as part of the Nosocomial Pathogen Resistance Surveillance(NPRS).MICs of imipenem and meropenem were determined by agar dilutiom PFGE was used to analyze the molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant strains.MBLs were detected by Etest and PCR among carbapenem-non-sensitive strains.The transcription levels of MBLs were determined by real-time reverse transcriptase(RT)-PCR.Results Of the 645 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains,245(37.5%)were resistant to imipenem and 183(28.0%)were resistant to meropenem.A total of 275 carbapenemnonsusceptible strains and 259 carbapenem-resistant strains were chosen for further study. Among the carbapenem-nonsusecptible strains,8.73%(24/275)of the strains carrried MBLs genes hy PCR,but only 6.55%(18/275)of the strains were detected as MBls-producers bv MBL Etest. The MBLs relative expression levels of the 6 MBL genotype-positive but phenotype-negative strains were significantly lower than those of the other 18 MBL genotype-and phenotype-positive strains(P＜0.05).The 259 carbapenemresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were divided into 89 clones by PFGE.The 24 MBL genotypepositive strains collected from 6 cities were divided into 9 clones by PFGE.Conclusions The carbapenems resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is severe in China.Clonal dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has not been detected throughout China.MBLs are not the major carbapenems resistance mechanism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.