To identify the role of spinal cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 in the development and maintenance of postoperative pain, we examined the changes of COX-1 protein expression in lumbar spinal cord by immunohistochemistry and Western blot technique in rat plantar incision model at different time points (pre-incision or 2 h, 4 h, 6 h,12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d after incision). We also studied the anti-allodynic effects of the COX inhibitors by intrathecal administration of non-selective COX inhibitors (ketorolac), selective COX-1 (SC-560) or COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) immediately or 2 h, 24 h after incision. The mechanical allodynia was evaluated by using paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) response to mechanical stimulation on pre-incision, 2 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d after incision or 30 min after drug treatment. The result showed that COX-1 immunoreactive cells mainly focused in the superficial laminae of lumbar spinal dorsal horn and expression of spinal COX-1 protein increased after incision, peaked at 4 h (P＜0.01) and lasted for 12 h. Postoperative treatment with both SC-560 and ketorolac significantly alleviating the mechanical allodynia induced by skin incision, but NS-398 had no such effect. This study demonstrates that spinal COX-1 involves in the development and maintenance of postoperative hypersensitivity and intrathecal COX-1 inhibitor has anti-allodynic effect on incision pain in the rat.

Objective To evaluate the effects of curcumin on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)/tissure inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) balance during limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced lung injury in rats.Methods Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 months,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S) ; group I/R; curcumin + I/R group (group C + I/R).Limb ischemia was induced by occlusion of bilateral femoral arteries for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 3 h in I/R and C + I/R groups.At 2 h before ischemia,curcumin 200 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally in group C + I/R,while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in the other groups.Arterial blood samples were taken at 3 h of reperfusion for blood gas analysis and PaO2 was recorded.The animals were then sacrificed and the lungs were removed immediately for determination of wet/dry lung weight (W/D) ratio,myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and MMP-9 and TIMP-1 contents.The ratio of MMP-9/ TIMP-1 was calculated.Results Compared with group S,PaO2 was significantly decreased,and W/D ratio,MPO activity,MMP-9 content and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 were significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05),while no significant change was found in TIMP-1 content in group I/R (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group I/R,PaO2 and TIMP-1 content were significantly increased,and W/D ratio,MPO activity,MMP-9 content and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 were significantly decreased in group C + I/R (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which curcumin attenuates lung injury induced by limb I/R is related to decreased MMP-9 content,elevated TIMP-1 content and regulated balance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the lung tissues of rats.

Objective It has been reported that nutritional status of the patients affects neuromuscular (N-M) blockade induced by succinylcholine, tubocurarine, atracurium and vecuronium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of malnutrition on rocuronium induced N-M block. Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ -Ⅱ patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia were divided into four groups of 12 patients each, based on body mass index (BMI): I normal group BMI = 18.5-25kg? m-2 ;Ⅱ mild malnutrition group BMI= 17-18.5 kg?m-2 ;Ⅲ moderate malnutrition groups BMI = 16-17 kg?m-2 and Ⅳ severe malnutrition group BMK90% the patient was intubated and mechanically ventilated. PETCO2 was maintained at 4.0-4.7kPa. Anesthesia was maintained with 0.5%-0.7% isoflurane +60% N2O. During operation when T1 returned to 25% of control rocuronium 0.15mg?kg-1 was supplemented. The onset time, degree of N-M block and duration of action of initial and supplemental dose were recorded.Results With initial dose the onset time was delayed in group Ⅲ [(184?58)s] and group Ⅳ [(252?62) s] as compared with that in group Ⅰ [(122?33 )s] (P0.05) .Conclusions The neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium is reduced in patients with moderate and severe malnutrition.

Objective To study the effects of different doses of propofol on the changes in lung Ca content and pulmonary ultrastructure caused by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) induced lung injury. Methods Forty male SD rats weighing 200-250g were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each: group I sham operation (control group): group II small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion; group III propofol 4 mg-kg-1-h-1; group IV propofol 8mg-kg-h-1; group V propofol 10 mg-kg-1-h-1. The rats were anesthetized with 3% pentobarbital 40mg-kg-1 ip. Right carotid artery and left internal jugular vein were cannulated for BP and pulmonary arteral pressure (PAP) monitoring and fluid and drug administration. The animals were tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated. PETCO2 was maintained at 4 .67- 5.60 kPa. Abdomen was opened. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was isolated and clamped for 60 min followed by 120min reperfusion. In group III , IV and V 10min before SMA occlusion was released different doses of propofol was continuously infused until the end of experiment. In group I and II isovolemic normal saline was infused instead of propofol. Lung Ca2+ content was measured and ultrastructure of the lung examined. Results The lung tissue Ca2+ content increased significantly after IIR in group II and III as compared with group I , IV and V ( P

0.05], but BTV measured at 60 min was significantly faster in propofol group than that in the enflurane group [(14.7 ? 1.5) mm?min-1 vs (9.9 ? 2.0) mm?min-1 P

25%, TCI of vecuronium was started at a target blood concentration of 0.3 ?g.ml-1 .Vecuronium was administrated by a specific TCI system incorporating the pharmacokinetic parameter set of Ruppy. Vecuronium target blood concentration was titrated to maintain T1/T2. at 25% .Results The average degree of NMB was 14.0%?2.2% in control group and 22.9%? 1.8% in TCI group. The difference was statistically significant ( P

Objective To investigate the changes of plasma carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures Methods Arterial blood samples were obtained via the radial artery catheter ,before incision, CPB30min, before cardioversion,before weaning from CPB, 20 min after weaning from CPB,4h,24h after surgery, respectively, to measure the plasma CO concentration with ultraviolet spectrophotometry Results Plasm CO concentration increased significantly after the commencement of CPB(P

ve To evaluate the effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on postoperative cognitive function in the elderly to see if there is any difference. Methods Seventy ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients agedl≥65yr undergoing total knee or hip replacement were randomly assigned to one of the two anesthetic groups of thirty-five patients each:desflurane group and sevoflurane group. All patients were premedicated with midazolam 1 mg iv. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 1.0-1.5?g?kg-1, propofol 1.0-2.0 mg?kg-1 and succinylcholine 1 mg?kg-1 and maintained with either 2%-4% desflurane or 1.0%-1.5% sevoflurane combined with N2 O in O2 (1:1) and intermittent iv boluses of vecuronium. MAP, HR, ECG, SpO2, PETCO2 and end-tidal concentration of desflurane or sevoflurane were monitored continuously during operation. After tracheal intubation the patients were mechanically ventilated and PETCO2 was maintained at 30-40 mm Hg. The Mini-Mental State (MMS) test was used to assess cognitive function before and at 1, 3, 6 and 24h after surgery. Results Compared with the baseline values the MMS scores decreased significantly at 1h after operation in both groups. However the MMS scores returned to preoperative baseline levels within 6h after surgery in both groups. There were no significant differences in MMS scores between the two groups before and after operation. At 1h after operation 51% of the patients in desflurane and 57% in sevoflurane group experienced cognitive impairment. But at 3h after surgery the percentage of the patients with cognitive dysfunction decreased to 11% in desflurane group and 9% in sevoflurane group. Conclusions In the elderly the postoperative cognitive dysfunction is temporary lasting only a few hours and the effects of desflurane and sevoflurane are similar.

Objective To investigate the effects of different concentrations of sevoflurane and desflurane on ultrastructure of the lung and pulmonary surfactant-related protein A (SP-A) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) concentrations in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid ( HALF). Methods Fifty healthy Wistar rats of either sex weighing 200-280 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10 each) : group Ⅱ control; group Ⅱ sevoflurane 1.0 MAC (S1); group Ⅲ sevoflurane 1.5 MAC (S2); group Ⅳ desflurane 1.0 MAC (D1) and group Ⅴ desflurane 1.5 MAC (D2). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital 100 mg?kg-1 , tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated (VT = 8 ml?kg-1 , RR = 65-70 bpm) . PETCO2 was maintained at 35-40 mm Hg. In control group the animals received mechanical ventilation for 4 h without any inhalation anesthetic. In group Ⅳ - Ⅴ sevoflurane or desflurane anesthesia was maintained for 4 h. The animals were then killed and the lungs removed for microscopic examination with electron microscope and broncho-alveolar lavage. The HALF was collected for determination of SP-A and PC concentrations. Results In control group the type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells were round or oval in shape, abundant in cytoplasma. The microvilli were only slightly destroyed.The lamellar bodies were structurally intact and concentrically arranged. While in group S1, S2, D1 and D2 the microvilli were destroyed to a greater degree and became shorter. The lamellar bodies were decreased in number with many vacuoles. The SP-A and PC concentrations in BALF were significantly decreased in group S1, S2, D1 and D2 as compared to control group. Conclusion Inhalation of different concentrations of isoflurane or desflurane for 4 h reduces the number of lamellar bodies with vacuolization and SP-A and PC concentrations in BALF indicating decreased synthesis of pulmonary surfactant.

Aim To determine what effects propofol exerts on apoptosis in hippocampal neurons caused by anoxia-reoxygenation.Methods Newborn SD rats(0.05).When pretreated with propofol,neurons proliferation increased and apoptosis decreased(P