Histamine is one of the important mediators of many diseases such as hypersensitivity, gastric ulcer, and inflammation. It regulates the local immune response in tumor tissues by multiple mechanisms with ambivalent and double-faced effects, which have been uncovered partially by thorough molecular immunological analyses. Histamine has differential effects on the growth of tumor cell depending on selective reaction with its receptors, and on the secretion of variety of cytokines from local activated immune cells in a reciprocal manner by shifting TH1/TH2 polarization towards predominance of TH2. In this review, we summarized recent data suggesting that endogenous histamine should be an important correlated factor involved in bi-directional regulation both to tumor tissue and to infiltrating immune cells.

BACKGROUND:Studies addressing coronary heart disease are largely dependent on the establishment of myocardial infarction animal models. It is very important that exploring a safe method with easy operation, less damage, long time survival and high survival rate for myocardial infarction animal model OBJECTIVE:To compare the pros and cons of two kinds of thoracotomy anterior descending coronary artery ligation to do myocardial infarction animal model. METHODS: Thirty healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: control, median sternotomy incision, and left sternal incision. The anterior descending coronary artery was ligated after thoracotomy. The operation time, amount of intraoperative bleeding, postoperative food intake, and recovery time of eating were monitored during the surgery and within 24 hours after the surgery. And myocardial enzyme indexes were also monitored within 24 hours after the surgery. Rabbits were detected with ultrasonic echocardiogram at 4 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Different levels of ST segment elevation appeared in median sternotomy and left sternal incision groups by echocardiogram. The success rate of modeling was 70% in median sternotomy incision group, and 80% in left sternal incision group. Within 24 hours post-surgery, the myocardial enzyme indexes in the two groups were significantly increased compared with before surgery (P < 0.05). At 4 weeks, the left ventricular ejection fraction and the left ventricular shortening fraction were significantly decreased when compared to before surgery (P< 0.05). The operation time was shorter, the amount of bleeding was less, the time of eating recovery was less and the amount of eating was much in median sternotomy group than in left sternal incision, with significant differences between he two groups (P < 0.05). The median sternotomy incision for the ligation of anterior descending coronary artery is better than the left sternal incision to establish myocardial infarction models.

Objective:To evaluate the immunogenicity of a novel influenza virus mRNA vaccine based on conserved antigens delivered by lipopolyplex (LPP) platform in a mouse model.Methods:Four copies of genes coding for extracellular domain of matrix 2 protein (M2e) and nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza A virus were synthetized after codon optimization. The fusion antigens were transcribed in vitro and delivered by LPP platform, named as LPP-4M2eNP. Expression of M2e and NP in eukaryotic cells was detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). BALB/c mice were inoculated intramuscularly twice with 10 μg or 30 μg LPP-4M2eNP vaccine at an interval of four weeks. Antibody response was detected by ELISA and cellular-mediated immunity (CMI) was detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). Results:IFA showed that NP and M2e were expressed correctly in eukaryotic cells. Single dose immunization could induce significant antigen (NP, M2e)-specific CMI and antigen (NP, M2e)-specific antibody response was induced in mice with Th1 type bias after boost immunization. Moreover, NP-specific CMI was increased significantly after the second immunization, while no significant change in M2e-specific CMI was observed.Conclusions:Stronger CMI was triggered in mice by single dose of LPP-4M2eNP vaccine. Furthermore, robust humoral and cellular immune responses were induced after boost immunization. This study suggested that LPP-4M2eNP vaccine, which based on conserved antigen of influenza A and delivered by LPP platform, had great potential for development and application.

Objective This study aimed to identify PAX9 variants in non-syndromic tooth agenesis families of Chi-na,as well as to analyze the genotype-phenotype of non-syndromic tooth agenesis caused by PAX9 variants,which can provide a basis for the genetic diagnosis of tooth agenesis.Methods We collected the data of 44 patients with non-syn-dromic oligodontia who underwent treatment at Stomatological Hospital of Hebei Medical University between 2018 and 2023.Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the peripheral blood of the proband and its core family members,and the variants were verified by Sanger sequencing.Pathogenicity analysis and function prediction of the variants were per-formed using bioinformatics tools.The correlation between the genotype of PAX9 variant and its corresponding pheno-type was examined by reviewing 55 publications retrieved from PubMed.The studies involved 232 tooth agenesis pa-tients with PAX9 variants.Results A novel PAX9 c.447delG(p.Pro150Argfs*62)and a reported PAX9 c.406C>T(p.Gln136*)were identified in two Chinese families.Through bioinformatics analysis and three-dimensional structural mod-eling,we postulated that the frameshift variant was pathogenic.The outcome was the premature cessation of PAX9 pro-tein,which caused severe structural and functional deficiencies.Summarizing the PAX9 genotype-phenotype relationship revealed that patients carrying the PAX9 variant commonly led to loss of the second molars.Conclusion We identified the novel PAX9 c.447delG(p.Pro150Argfs*62)in a Chinese family of non-syndromic oligodontia,expanding the known variant spectrum of PAX9.The most susceptible tooth position for PAX9 variants of tooth agenesis was the second mo-lars and the deciduous molars during the deciduous dentition.