Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disease.As the most common type of senile dementia disease,AD has no effective methods for early diagnoses.AD is characterized by the deposition of intracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and extracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the brain.In addition to allomnesia and cognitive disorder,ocular manifestation such as cataracts exists in AD patients.Studies have shown that amyloid-β (Aβ) is deposited not only in the brain but also in crystalline lens.For its structure and special location,crystalline len is more accessible for imaging than the brain,which can provide a simple,convenient and early diagnosis method for AD.Hence,it is worth investigating the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and cataracts.

Objective To study chitosan's improving proliferation effect to the bladder epithelial cells,thus providing experlimental foundation for the treatment of interstitial cystitis.Methods Bladder epithelial cells were harested by the enzymatic digestion of the epithelium exposed by the eversion of reseeted New-Zealand hare's bladder.The cells were cultured in different concentrations(0.3、0.6、1.2、2.4、4.8 g/L)of chitosan group and control group,after 72 h,observing their growth and proliferation with optical microscopy;The effects of chitosan on proliferation of rabbit bladder epithelial cells were studied by NAG assay.EGFR mRNA was measured by PT-PCR.Results The growth of cells in the sample added chitosan is much better than that of in the control group.Chitosan could promote the proliferation of bladder epithelial cells at higher than 0.3 g/L of concentration in a dose dependent way.The optimum concentration to increase proliferation of eonjunctival epithelial cells was 1.2 g/L.The proliferative effect of EGFR mRNA increased with the elevated chitosan concentration after 72 h.Conclusions Chitosan can promote the growth of the bladder epithelial eell,which can provides a valuable evidence for further studies of interstitial cystitis's treatment.This proliferation effect is perhaps related to chitosan's promoting EGFR combinating specificity with EGFR.

[Objective]To evaluate the curative effect,indication and care for cage,the patients with lumbar vertebrae instability were treated by 1umbar interbody ecstatic fusion cage.[Method]There were 42 patients,male 31 and female 11,aged 3 5~78 years(averaged 46 years) and suffered with spondylolisthesis of isthmus non-union in 26 cases and degenerative spondylolisthsis in 1 6 cases,including spondylolisthsis of L3、4 5 cases,of L4、5 23 cases and of L5S1 14 cases.According to Meyerding classification,there were grade-I spondylolisthsis 29 cases and grade-Ⅱ 13 cases.All patients were treated with decompression of lumbar canal,resection of vertebral disc,insertion of ecstatic fusion cage.The curative effect was observed and evaluated.[Result]Patients were followed up for 6 months to 6 years,the results were good rate of JOA scores 95%,the recovery rate of inter-spinal height,reduction and bone fusion rate were up to 98%.[Conclusion]For lumbar spondylolisthesis of grade Ⅰ～Ⅱ,the ecstatic fusion cage has good effect on recovery of inter-spinal height,improvement of bone fusion rate,maintaining lumbar stability,relieving clinical symptom.It is a good curative method for lumbar vertebrae instability.

[Objective]To evaluate the method and curative effect of posterior internal fixation and bone grafting fusion for atlantoaxial fracture or dislocation.[Method]Posterior internal fixation and bone grafting fusion were made on 26 patients with atlantoaxial fracture or dislocation in condition of tracheal intubation anesthesia.Occipitocervieal fixation(Aixs) and bone grafting fusion were performed on patients with fracture of vertebral lamina-arch.Vertebral lamina splint fixation (Apofix) was performed on patients without fracture of vertebral lamina-arch and decompression of vertebral canal.[Result]Followed up for 5 to 60 months(averaged,16.8 months),the vertebral artery and spinal cord injury were not occurred and clinical symptom was relieved in all patients.X ray examination showed screws in vertebral articular process and occipital condyle were normotopic without laxation and fragmentation.The bone grafting transformed into osseous fusion after 3 months.[Conclusion]Aixs fixation and bone grafting fusion and Apofix fixation are effective methods for atlantoaxial fracture or dislocation.

Object To investigate the saccharide changes of Radix Rehmanniae when being processed. Methods The fresh roots were torrefied at 65 ℃ and sampled at 0,1, and 6 d. The samples and 4 h steamed slices of those dried roots were extracted with hot water respectively. The extracts were subjected to HPLC analysis, Sugar pak 1 column at 80 ℃,with water as the mobile phase at 0 7 mL/min and detected by RID. Results There are three principal components in the fresh roots, i.e. stachyose (11%-15%), sucrose (0 30%-0 92%), and catalpol (0 27%-0 88%). In the processing of the fresh roots, the HPLC chromatorams of the extracts differed to each other remarkbly. On the chromatogram of roots torrefied for 1 d, one distinct monosaccharide peak displayed at 10 2 min, which is likely to be galactose, and it become prominent in the dried roots together with raffinose. In steamed ones, the peaks of fructose and glucose became outstanding. Conclusion According to the HPLC chromatograms, the degalacto sylation of stachyose may take place during torrifying, while defructosylation during steaming. One of the principal purposes of the processing may be for stachyose degradation for its flatulence causing character.

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of programmed death receptor ligand 1 ( PD-L1 ) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with hepatic cystic echincccccosis (HCE) and its relation with interferon-γ.MethodsThe clinical data of 63 patients with HCE who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from June 2010 to February 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were divided into HCE active group (38 patients) and HCE non-active group (25 patients) according to the system established by the World Health Organization's Informal Working Group on Echinocoecosis.Twenty patients with hepatic hemangioma or healthy individuals were recruited in normal control group.The positive rate of PD-L1 expression was detected by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry.The expression of interferon-γ was detected by enzyme-linked immtmosorbent assay (ELISA).All data were analyzed by the t test,one-way analysis of variance,LSD test and chi-square test.The relationship between the expression of interferon-γ and positive rate of PD-L1 expression was analyzed by the Pearson test.ResultsThe results of flow cytometry showed that the positive rates of PD-L1 expression in the HCE active group,HCE non-active group and normal control group were 12.1％±3.8％,10.9％ ± 2.5％ and 9.1％ ±2.5％,respectively.There was a significant difference in the positive rate of PD-L1 expression between the HCE active group and normal control group (t =3.327,P ＜ 0.05 ).The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the positive rates of PD-LI expression in the HCE active group,HCE non-active group and normal control group were 11.9％ ± 3.4％,i0.6％ ± 2.9％ and 9.5％ ± 3.6％,respectively.There was a significant difference in the positive rate of PD-L1 expression between the HCE active group and normal control group (t =2.470,P ＜ 0.05 ).The expressions of intefferon-γ in the HCE active group,HCE non-active group and normal control group were ( 141 ± 38 ) μμg/L,( 124 ± 32 ) μg/L and ( 105 ± 42 ) μg/L.There wasasignificant difference in the expression of interferon-γ between the HCE active group and normal control group ( t =3.280,P ＜ 0.05).The results of flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry revealed that the positive rate of PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of interferon-γ( r =0.59,0.61,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion With the help of interferon-γ,PD-L1 may play an important role in promoting the immune.evasion of echinococcus.

Object To develop a method of multiplying virus free clonal seedlings of CV.85 5 of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaert.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey.. Methods The leaf cut segments with or without tips of plantlets were grown in different media (mg/L) (1.MS+BA 0.5; 2 MS+BA 0.5+NAA 0.02;3 MS+BA 0.5+NAA 0.02+GA 3 0.1; 4 1/2 MS+BA 0.1; 5 1/2 MS+BA 0.1+GA 3 0.1; 6.1/2 MS+GA 3 0.1) to select a suitable medium, and the height and the numbers of newly formed leaves and roots were recorded 30 days later. To screen out a favorable condition, similar segments were transferred to No.2 medium at different temperatures in different illuminations, and the height together with the leaf number and the fresh weight of the plantlets was recorded.Results In the former three media, the segments with tips were flourishing and one to three axillary buds were formed at its basal stem; while in those without tips almost every axillary bud developed with the main tip length 0.5～1.5 cm. In the later three media, thd elongation of the segments was usually overstimulated, and the slim plantlets with fewer leaves and more roots formed. When the segments cultured in No.2 medium, all records at 28 ℃ were higher than those at 23 ℃ in the same illuminations. But the leaf size and the height of the plantlets were inversely proportional to the intensity of illumination at the same temperature. In addition, antagonism between BA and GA 3 was found.Conclusion No.2 medium is more suitable for the multiplication of the virus free seedlings of 85 5 when cultured at 28 ℃ in the illumination of 1 000～2 000 lx.

Objective To perform molecular cloning and sequencing, bioinformatics analysis,protein expression and function of extracellular signal regulated kinase (EgERK1) of Echinococcus granulosus in Xinjiang. Methods The specific primers of EgERK1 were designed and total RNA was extracted from Echinococcus granulosus in Xinjiang. EgERK1 gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and prokaryotic expression plasmid pET28a-EgERK1 was constructed and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed by DNA sequencing and bioinformatics technology. The recombinant EgERK1 protein was induced and expressed. The biological function was detected using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis and Western blot. Results The sequence of RT-PCR product was 1125 bp, encoding 374 amino acids with isoelectric point of 6.34.This gene was a new ERK-homologues gene indicated by BLAST, named EgERK1(EU701008).Homology comparisons indicated that the homology of EgERK1 and EmMPK1from Echinococcus multilocularis was 95.45%, and was 43.04%-61.88% to ERK from Caenorhabditis elegans, S. cerevisiae, D. melanogaster and human. Phylogenetic analysis showed that EgERK1 clustered with EmMPK1. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that EgERK1 contained a highly conserved T-X-Y motif and activation loop segment of ERK-like kinase.Western blot results showed the EgERK1 recombinant protein could reacted specifically with anti-human ERK monoclonal antibody. Conclusion A new EgERK1 gene of Echinococcus granulosus is successfully cloned and its recombinant protein could reacted specifically with ERK1/2 antibody, which provides the basis for further study of EgERK1 function in the host-parasite interaction.

Objective To establish a real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for detection of human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) viral load. Methods pMD19-T recombinant vectors inserted with an open reading frame (ORF) 26 of HHV-8 or β-actin gene were constructed respectively. A sensitive RT-qPCR method was established and optimized. The effectivity of the method was evaluated by determining the HHV-8 viral loads in 30 (formalin fixed, paraffinised)biopsy samples of Kaposi's sarcoma. Results The key factors for optimizing the method included anneal temperature and extension. The standard curve showed that the Ct value of ORF26 and β-actin had a good linear relationship (r2 ＞0.990) with the standard samples. The melt curve and electrophoresis showed the specificity of our study. The sensitivity of this method was very high and the detection rate could reach 100%. The viral loads were significantly higher in patients with classic Kaposi's sarcoma compared to patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated Kaposi's sarcoma(69.18 va 8. 63, x2 =7.950,P=0.005).Conclusions The established RT-qPCR method is highly sensitive, which can be used as a routine assay for detecting HHV-8.This system offers a good platform for diagnosing other causative organism.