The issue of cold damage is one of the major topics of orthodox medicine in East Asia. From the historical view of point, most of the medical practitioners have turned The Theory of Cold Damage to account as their grounds for justifying their own argument. However, it is rare to find a book related to The Theory of Cold Damage in Korea's traditional medicine. Therefore, people have perceived the research status of cold damage is unsatisfactory. This problem could be analyzed by dividing it into a medicinal herb problems and theory problem. First, the medicinal herbs needed for the prescription based on The Theory of Cold Damage don't grow in the Korean Peninsula. Accordingly, there were a lot of restrictions on the free use of these prescriptions. Nevertheless, Chinese medicinal herbs were essential to even the use of the prescriptions besides The Theory of Cold Damage. Accordingly, such aspects do little explain the point that there were few medicine books about The Theory of Cold Damage in Korea. On the other hand, it is hard to exclude the guess that the medical practitioners in the period of the Joseon Dynasty might have presented a theoretically different opinion about cold damage. This study did intensive research on this. As a result of examining the medical practitioners in the latter period of the Joseon Dynasty perceived 'the cold damage to positive and negative meridians' as the case where a patient got attacked by cold as a pathogenic factor in a state of the kidney deficiency. They presented the verdict that kidney deficiency was mostly incurred by sexual relations, and the cold damage to positive and negative meridians broke out when a patient got attacked by cold as a pathogenic factor after having sex. it is an original standpoint shedding light on the relationship between cold damage and the kidney deficiency. The medical practitioners in the latter period of the Joseon Dynasty used Donguibogam as a major text for study on cold damage. In other words, Donguibogam includes the well-organized theory of Yeoksu school who regarded the comparison between internal damage and external damage as important. The medical practitioners in the latter period of the Joseon Dynasty managed to form the theory of the cold damage to positive and negative meridians by deepening the relationship between internal damage and external damage, which was highlighted in Donguibogam. The medical practitioners in the Joseon Dynasty didn't show a big interest in the literature itself, or the so-called The Theory of Cold Damage, which was mainly due to not only the realistic problem of the lack of medicinal herbs needed for applying the prescription to cold damage but also the difference between their positions on cold damage. Therefore, the idea of insufficient research on The Theory of Cold Damage is no more than a kind of optical illusion. On the contrary, we may assume that the medical practitioners in the Joseon Dynasty understood and developed The Theory of Cold Damage in their own way.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cold Temperature ; Far East ; Hand ; Humans ; Kidney ; Korea ; Light ; Medicine, Traditional ; Meridians ; Optical Illusions ; Plants, Medicinal ; Prescriptions

Many medical books of the late Joseon Dynasty were based on the medical knowledge of Donguibogam. For this reason, most of the studies have explained the medicine of the late Joseon Dynasty focusing on Donguibogam. However, the appearance of medicine in the late Joseon Dynasty is more complex than that. Although the “treatment knowledge” of Donguibogam had a huge impact in the late Joseon Dynasty, the “medical thought” of Donguibogam was not easily established.
This is confirmed through the knowledge system of medical books in the late Joseon Dynasty. Jejungsinpyeon, published by the government in the late Joseon Dynasty, disassembled the contents of Dongibogam and rearranged it into a knowledge system of Uihagibmun. Injeji, which was made in the private sector, followed the same method. They tried to maintain part of the knowledge system of Donguibogam. Nevertheless, the framework of perception that extends from “human” to “disease,” the central idea of Donguibogam, was not maintained.
This shows that there was a considerable amount of respect for the medicine of Ming Dynasty in the late Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, for a more in-depth understanding of medicine in the late Joseon Dynasty, it is necessary to examine in more detail the influences of other medical books such as Uihagibmun, Bonchogangmok, and Gyeongakjeonseo in addition to Donguibogam. This should be understood as a process in which various medical knowledge and systems compete.

Many medical books of the late Joseon Dynasty were based on the medical knowledge of Donguibogam. For this reason, most of the studies have explained the medicine of the late Joseon Dynasty focusing on Donguibogam. However, the appearance of medicine in the late Joseon Dynasty is more complex than that. Although the “treatment knowledge” of Donguibogam had a huge impact in the late Joseon Dynasty, the “medical thought” of Donguibogam was not easily established.
This is confirmed through the knowledge system of medical books in the late Joseon Dynasty. Jejungsinpyeon, published by the government in the late Joseon Dynasty, disassembled the contents of Dongibogam and rearranged it into a knowledge system of Uihagibmun. Injeji, which was made in the private sector, followed the same method. They tried to maintain part of the knowledge system of Donguibogam. Nevertheless, the framework of perception that extends from “human” to “disease,” the central idea of Donguibogam, was not maintained.
This shows that there was a considerable amount of respect for the medicine of Ming Dynasty in the late Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, for a more in-depth understanding of medicine in the late Joseon Dynasty, it is necessary to examine in more detail the influences of other medical books such as Uihagibmun, Bonchogangmok, and Gyeongakjeonseo in addition to Donguibogam. This should be understood as a process in which various medical knowledge and systems compete.

PURPOSE: We have preoperatively and postoperatively investigated the characteristics of anemia in patients with gastric cancer in order to provide optimal medical care for the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum vitamin B12, and serum folic acid were measured for 321 patients with gastric cancer. These were measured again for 287 patients 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients (29.3%) had preoperative anemia. Preoperative hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum vitamin B12 levels were higher in the patients with early gastric cancer than in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Preoperative hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin levels were higher in male patients than in female patients. The patients who had preoperative anemia showed a high probability of having postoperative anemia (P<0.001), and the patients who had low serum ferritin levels preoperatively showed a high probability of having low serum ferritin levels and iron deficiency anemia postoperatively (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Preoperative ferritin deficiency should be improved by iron supplement, even though the patient may not be anemic at that time. Periodic postoperative measurements of the hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum vitamin B12, and serum folic acid levels are highly recommended because postgastrectomy anemia is not rare. Finally, if any low hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, serum vitamin B12, or serum folic acid levels are found, they should be treated in an appropriate way.
Anemia* ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Female ; Ferritins ; Folic Acid ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Iron ; Male ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Vitamin B 12

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Antibodies*

Vitamin B12 deficiency results in the occurrence of systemic diseases in our nervous system. One of the most common manifestations of Vitamin B12 deficiency is subacute combined degeneration (SCD), which is characterized by paralysis and sensory changes of limbs, and disturbance of gait and position sense. SCD can be caused by the abuse of Happy Balloon, which comprises nitrous oxide and is used as a party hallucinogen. Diagnosis of SCD is achieved by combining the clinical symptoms, laboratory study, electrophysiological study and imaging findings. However, neurological symptoms observed during laboratory examinations are insufficient to diagnose SCD without the characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. This is due to ambiguity of the symptoms and delayed report time of laboratory results in the emergency department. The ‘Inverted V sign’, observed towards the rear of the cervical and thoracic spine in T2 emphasis MRI images, is the most prominent finding of SCD. In most cases, the T1 image shows the same signal strength as the surrounding tissue. In the current report, we present an SCD case with an enhanced T1 phase of the MRI.

The Korean parasite control program is regarded as one of the most successful examples of health care movement in Korea. This ‘Parasite Eradication Program’ which was conducted from 1969 to 1995, involved testing and treating of 300 million people. In cooperation with Japan, parasitologists and activists who participated in the parasite control program formed a common system called the ‘Mass Testing, Mass Treatment.’ This study focuses on the localization process of Praziquantel, Clonorchiasis treatment production and its application in Clonorchiasis control program. Parasitologists rapidly introduced newly developed Praziquantel, and Korean chemists quickly reverse engineered the compound to evade patent issues. This allowed for the mass production of Praziquantel at a lower price, which in turn enabled a nationwide Clonorchiasis control program. At the same time, low price and stable supply opened the private market for Praziquantel. However, acceptance and understanding of the Praziquantel differed significantly among the stakeholders. For the government, it was a means for policy propaganda, and for the health agencies, it was a means for mass scale control program, while for the public, it was a means for maintaining conventional eating habits without risk of infection. This study reveals how the material end of a disease control policy is accepted and interpreted by different actors.

Background: Sleep is an important physiological process that is required to perform daily functions. Sleep duration is reported to be correlated withobesity. This study investigated the association between sleep duration and abdominal obesity in Korean adult male. Methods: We used data from the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted during 2016–2017. In total, 3,997 maleaged >20 years were included. The frequency and weighting percentage of sleep duration were calculated. Chi-square test was performed withRao–Scott calibration. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of sleep duration with abdominal obesity. Results: The overall effect of abdominal obesity on sleep duration was significant. The probability of developing abdominal obesity when the averagesleep duration was below than 5 hours was 1.495 times higher than that when it was 7 hours. Conclusion Sleep duration was related to abdominal obesity in Korean adult male.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive and psychological characteristics of patients who visited psychiatric outpatient clinic with military service suitability issues. METHODS: Since January, 2017 to September, 2018, patients were recruited from the department of psychiatry of university hospital. Participants were diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria by board certified psychiatrists. And each of participants tested with K-WAIS-IV, K-SCL-95 by clinical psychologist. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: The results indicated 24.6% of the patients have significantly low level of intellectual functioning. and 10.8% of the patients have borderline level of intellectual functioning, and 26.3% of them were below average. The results of psychological characteristics showed patients have cautious and potentially dangerous level of depression, anxiety, agoraphobia, and suicidal idea. And PTSD subscale's mean score was above problematic level. Next, we divided patients into two groups based on question of whether the patient is eligible to serve in the military service or not arises from recruitment process or army training center. But two group didn't differ significantly. And for further analyses, we also divided patients into two groups based on if they got single psychiatric diagnosis or more than one psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that group which has coexisting psychiatric disorders were more depressed, had higher level of anger and aggression, and had more serious levels of suicidal ideas than single psychiatric diagnosis group. The implications and limitations were discussed along with some suggestions for the future studies.