The present study used the experimental patterns of Go/No Go and no motion contingent negative variation (CNV) task into the research in order to study whether the CNV can express the implication of expectation. Through comparing the CNV under different conditions, the data collected from experiment showed that the key to evoked CNV was close to the warning signal and command signal. Whether the command signal was related to the task would impact on the amplitude of the CNV. This characteristics responses to the subjects' expectation. On this basis, CNV can be used as the electrophysiological index for the reflection of expected value in the conditions of this experiment.
Anticipation, Psychological ; Brain Waves ; Contingent Negative Variation ; Humans

Curriculum reform is the focus and the key in teaching reforms.The paper is to discuss the shortcomings existing in the present curriculum system in pharmaceutical education and to introduce some exploration and practice in pharmaceutical curriculum reform such as restructuring curriculum.

Recently, Clinical pharmacy becomes a new specialty of higher education in China. Therefore, building clinical pharmacy teaching quality monitoring system (CPTQMS) is very important not only for improving the teaching quality but also for training inter-disciplinary talents. We try to discuss the connotation and practice of CPTQMS from the objectives, measures and information system. We hope our work can present valuable suggestions for the construction and improvement of CPTQMS in Chinese higher education.

This study sought to reveal the difference of brain functions at resting-state between subjects with sub-health and normal controls by using the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology. Resting-state fMRI scans were performed on 24 subjects of sub-health and on 24 healthy controls with gender, age and education matched with the sub-health persons. Compared to the healthy controls, the sub-health group showed significantly higher regional homogeneity (ReHo) in the left post-central gyrus and the right post-central gyrus. On the other hand, the sub-health group showed significantly lower ReHo in the left superior frontal gyrus, in the right anterior cingulated cortex and ventra anterior cingulate gyrus, in the left dorsolateral frontal gyrus, and in the right middle temporal gyrus. The Significant difference in ReHo suggests that the sub-health persons have abnormalities in certain brain regions. It is proved that its specific action and meaning deserves further assessment.
Brain ; physiology ; physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebral Cortex ; Frontal Lobe ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Parietal Lobe

Objective To explore the value of? red blood cell distribution width (RDW) changes in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) prognosis by analysing relationship between red blood cell distribution width, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Methods 140 hospitalized patients with AMI were selected from May 2014 to October 2014 and devided into 2 groups. 70 patients without heart failure were AMI1 group and the other 70 patients with heart failure were AMI2 group. 70 cases of healthy persons were selected as control group. RDW was compared between three groups and the relationship between the level of RDW, cTnI and hs-CRP was analyzed. Evaluating value of RDW in predicting heart failure in AMI patients by using univariate logistic regression analysis and ROC curve analysis. Results In the comparison of AMI1 group, AMI2 group and control group, either of RDW, cTnI and hs-CRP showed a trend of increasing (P < 0.01). In the AMI patients , RDW level and cTnI level were positive correlation , and there was no linear correlation between RDW level and hs-CRP level. RDW≥14.55% was the independent risk factors in predicting heart failure in patients with AMI. Conclusion RDW≥14.55% can be an available independent predictor of the prognosis of AMI.

Objective: Recent studies have suggested that congestive heart failure(CHF) is related to neuroendocrine system and cytokines,and its activation contributes to myocardial remodeling and leads to the development and progression of CHF.Tumour necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) is one of the most important factors.This study intends to establish the animal model of isoproterenol(ISO)-induced CHF in rats and to study the changes of serum TNF-?.Methods:Male SD rats were randomly allocated to the ISO-induced CHF group(n=50) receiving two subcutaneous injections of 170mg ISO per kilogram of body and the healthy control group(n=10) receiving two subcutaneous injections of 0.25ml normal saline.At 18th week,the hemodynamic parameters including HR,LVSP,LVEDP and ?dp/dtmax were assessed.TNF-? in plasma were all detected.Results:Compared with the control group,the LVSP、?dp/dtmax significantly decreased and the HR,LVEDP enlarged notably in CHF group(P

Objective To study the inducing apoptosis effect of a traditional Chinese medicine gambogic acid (GA) on Raji cell line and its mechanism. Methods The effect of GA on the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was analyzed. Raji cells were treated with GA at different concentrations and times, and the inhibitory effect was detected by MTT assay.Apoptosis induced by GA was observed by Annexin V/PI doubling staining and flow cytometry assay.Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by JC-1 assay. Activated Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 in living Raji cells were measured by caspGLOWTM fluorescein staining kit and quantificated by flow cytometry. Results After incubation with GA, the proliferation rates of both normal blood mononuclear cells and Raji cells were dramatically inhibited in a concentration dependent manner. GA induced Raji cells to undergo apoptosis. GA decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of Raji cells. GA increased the level of activated caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 for 0.37 %, 33.57 %, 18.27 % in 24 h and 28.2 %, 69.2 %,76.7 % in 48 h respectively. Conclusion GA have an inhibitory effect on Raji cells, and can trigger apoptosis of Raji cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

Objective To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with gastrointestinal malignant tumor in some parts of Hainan province and alien patients outside of Hainan province. Methods Three hundred and fifteen patients who were diagnosed by pathological confirmation were selected in Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital from Jun 2012 to June 2016, clinicopathological parameters including age, gender, tumor location, cancer cell differentiation, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), value of preoperative tumor markers, TNM stages, microsatellite state, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) staining, Ki-67 index and risk factors were collected and compared between local and alien patients. Results In contrast with patients outside of Hainan province, a significant lesser BMI [colorectal cancer: (23 ± 3) kg/m2 vs. (24 ± 4) kg/m2, t=-3.69, P< 0.05; gastric cancer: (21.50 ± 3.15) kg/m2 vs. (23.00 ± 3.61) kg/m2, t=-2.11, P=0.04] and BSA [colorectal cancer:[(1.73 ± 0.18) m2 vs. (1.82 ± 0.18) m2, t=-3.46, P<0.05;gastric cancer:(1.73 ± 0.16) m2 vs. (1.81 ± 0.18) m2, t=-2.09, P=0.04] were found in local patients. Local patients with colorectal cancer were much more younger [(57 ± 13) years old vs. (62 ± 13) years old, t=-2.30, P=0.02], with corresponding elevated positive rate of preoperative CEA (χ2=4.56, P= 0.03), T stages (χ2 = 8.31, P= 0.04) and TNM stages (χ2= 11.19, P= 0.01), however, no such difference was detected in gastric cancer patients (all P>0.05). Conclusions Patients with gastrointestinal cancer in some parts of Hainan province, in particular, colorectal cancer patients, present some exceptional clinicopathological features, which are marked by younger age at diagnosis, low level of BMI and BSA. In addition, preoperative level of CEA would be of important for these patients.

OBJECTIVE:To study the development of community pharmaceutical care.METHODS:The significance of community pharmaceutical care was elaborated based on its status quo analysis,and the way to improve the pharmaceutical care was discussed theoretically.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:Patient-centered community pharmaceutical care is the primary responsibility of community pharmacists,the community pharmacists should strengthen their study,update their knowledge structure and play an important role in community pharmaceutical care.

In this paper,the development ofhigher pharmacyeducation ofChina from1984 to 2009 has been investigated.The authors have summarized the situation of specialty setup,the numbers of schools and students,employment,etc.,according to the relevant literatures,and analyzed the existing problems.Based on this,the development tendency of higher pharmacy education has also been discussed.