PURPOSE: In this study the effects of breast massage on breast pain, breast-milk sodium, and newborn suckling in early postpartum mothers were investigated. METHODS: The design was a non-synchronized nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Sixty postpartum mothers who were admitted to a postpartum care center and had problems with breastfeeding were recruited. Of these mothers, 44 were assigned to the intervention group and received two 30-minute breast massages within 10 days of postpartum period. The others were assigned control group and received only routine care. Breast pain was measured using a numeric pain scale and number of times newborns suckled was observed throughout breastfeeding. Breast milk was self-collected to evaluate breast-milk sodium. RESULTS: Mean age of postpartum mothers was 30 years old. Compared to the control group, women in the intervention group reported significant decreases in breast pain (p<.001), increases in number of times newborns suckled after the first and second massage (p<.001), and a decrease in breast-milk sodium after the first massage (p=.034). CONCLUSION: Breast massage may have effects on relieving breast pain, decreasing breast-milk sodium, and improving newborn suckling. Breast massage can be used to solve breast problems. Further research is needed to validate our findings.
Adult ; *Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lactation ; Male ; *Massage ; Mastodynia/*therapy ; Milk, Human/*chemistry ; Postpartum Period ; Sodium/*analysis

Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a slow-growing benign neoplasm that can be found in any organ. Pediatric laryngotracheal GCT is rare. We experienced a 6-year-old boy suffering from a barking cough and symptoms of stridor and croup for one month. Head and neck computed tomography revealed a protruding mass that occluded 60% of the airway lumen. Under the impression of hemangioma or papilloma, excision revealed a submucosal non-encapsulated mass. Histologically, the mass was composed of sheets of large polyhedralshaped tumor cells containing plump eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and centrally placed, small, bland-appearing nuclei. The tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, and voluminous eosinophilic cytoplasm was stained by diastase-resistant periodic acid-Schiff. The present report describes a unique case of a huge pediatric laryngeal GCT extending to the subglottic trachea. We also review the clinical course of pediatric laryngotracheal GCT and emphasize the importance of diagnosing GCT in children.

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Myxoma*

PURPOSE: Primary lung tumors in children and adolescents are uncommon. We report here on the clinical presentations, the methods of treatment, the results and the outcomes of a series of children with these rare tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review on all the patients less than 19 years of age with primary lung tumors and who were treated at Samsung Medical Center between 1995 and 2009. Twenty two cases of primary lung tumors were reviewed and the clinical-pathological information concerning the tumor characteristics, the therapy and the follow-up was collected. RESULTS: The average age of the 10 male patients and 12 female patients was 11.5 years (range: 3 months to 18 years). Of the 22 primary lung tumors, 18.2% (4/22) were benign, 36.4% (8/22) were of borderline malignancy and 45.4% (10/22) were malignant. The pathologic types were inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (6/22), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (4), pleuropulmonary blastoma (2), adenocarcinoma (1), alveolar soft part sarcoma (1), malignant lymphoma (1), leiomyoma (1), pulmonary leiomyomatous hamartoma (1), congenital pulmonary myofibroblastic tumor (1), Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (1), neurilemmoma (1), sclerosing pneumocytoma (so-called sclerosing hemangioma) (1) and atypical carcinoid tumor (1). After surgery for the benign tumors, no postoperative recurrence was been observed during long-term follow-up. All the patients with the benign tumors were alive with no evidence of disease. For the patients with the tumors of borderline malignancy, one patient experienced recurrence, but there was no death from disease. For the group with malignant tumors, two patients died from untreatable metastatic disease and 8 patients survived their disease on the long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: The primary lung tumors during childhood and adolescence had different characteristics compared with their adult counterparts with respect to the incidence and prognosis. These facts must be considered when making the diagnosis and deciding on proper therapy.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Carcinoid Tumor ; Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hamartoma ; Histiocytosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leiomyoma ; Lung ; Lymphoma ; Male ; Myofibroblasts ; Neurilemmoma ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Blastoma ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sarcoma, Alveolar Soft Part

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the cytologic features of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expressing pulmonary adenocarcinoma. METHODS: We analyzed the cytopathological findings of 15 cases of endobronchial ultrasound guided aspiration and a case of bronchial washing. These cases were selected based on the histomorphology of ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: Cytology showed mucinous (81.3%) and hemorrhagic (50%) backgrounds. The cells were arranged in tubulopapillary or tubulocribriform patterns (93.8%), and clusters (56.3%) admixed with signet ring cell features (87.5%). The tumor cells were monotonous and uniform with vesicular nuclei and a small nucleolus. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic findings were sheets showing a tubulopapillary or tubulocribriform appearance, with vesicular nuclei and a bland chromatin pattern (p<0.001). Scattered signet ring cells were helpful in suggesting ALK-positive adenocarcinoma (p<0.001).
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Chromatin ; Lung ; Lymphoma ; Mucins ; Phosphotransferases ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

No abstract available.
Bone Marrow/*metabolism/pathology ; Calcium Oxalate/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperoxaluria/*etiology ; Kidney Calculi/etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy/*adverse effects ; Pancytopenia/*pathology ; Recurrence ; Renal Insufficiency/etiology ; Thyrotropin/blood

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a widely accepted method of treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC) without lymph node metastasis. However, there have been few studies about factors associated with local recurrence. The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk factors for local recurrence in patients with EGC after ESD. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of patients who underwent ESD of EGC at Gachon University Gil Medical Center. From February 2008 to July 2011, ESD for EGC was performed in 222 cases involving 214 patients. Patients with additional treatment after ESD, patients with recurred EGC, and patients with endoscopic follow-up of < 12 months were excluded. After exclusions, a total of 150 cases were included. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 63.9 +/- 9.8 years, and 74.3% were male. The en bloc resection rate was 139/150 (92.7%), and the complete resection rate was 131/150 (87.3%). Local recurrence at the ESD site was found in 5 cases (5/150, 3.3%) during a mean follow-up period of 24 months. In multivariate analysis, tumor involvement at the lateral resection margin [HR: 13.12 (1.19 - 145.10); p = 0.036], piecemeal resection [HR: 25.31 (1.24 - 517.57); p = 0.036], and lymphovascular invasion [HR: 485.06 (2.30 - 102449.79); p = 0.024] were associated with local recurrence after ESD. CONCLUSIONS: Local recurrence after ESD was significantly associated with involvement of the lateral resection margin, piecemeal resection, and lymphovascular invasion. Therefore, patients who have these risk factors should be followed up more carefully to detect local recurrence.
Endoscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Medical Records ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms