PURPOSE: To determine the effects of music therapy on pain, discomfort, and depression for patients with leg fractures. METHODS: Data were collected from 40 patients admitted in an orthopedic surgery care unit. The subjects included 20 intervention group members and 20 control group members. Music therapy was offered to intervention group members once a day for 3 days for 30-60 minutes per day. Pain was measured with a numeric rating scale and by measuring vital signs. Discomfort and depression were measured with self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: Patients who received music therapy had a lower degree of pain than patients who did not receive music therapy as measured by the numeric pain score (p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (p<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001), pulse rate (p<0.001) and respiration (p<0.001). Patients who were provided with music therapy also had a lower degree of discomfort than patients who were not provided with this therapy (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that music therapy is an effective method for decreasing pain and dis-comfort for patients with leg fractures.
Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Depressive Disorder/etiology/*prevention & control ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/*complications/psychology ; Humans ; *Leg ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Music Therapy ; Pain/etiology/*prevention & control

Transposable elements are one of major sources to cause genomic instability through various mechanisms including de novo insertion, insertion-mediated genomic deletion, and recombination-associated genomic deletion. Among them is Alu element which is the most abundant element, composing ~10% of the human genome. The element emerged in the primate genome 65 million years ago and has since propagated successfully in the human and non-human primate genomes. Alu element is a non-autonomous retrotransposon and therefore retrotransposed using L1-enzyme machinery. The 'master gene' model has been generally accepted to explain Alu element amplification in primate genomes. According to the model, different subfamilies of Alu elements are created by mutations on the master gene and most Alu elements are amplified from the hyperactive master genes. Alu element is frequently involved in genomic rearrangements in the human genome due to its abundance and sequence identity between them. The genomic rearrangements caused by Alu elements could lead to genetic disorders such as hereditary disease, blood disorder, and neurological disorder. In fact, Alu elements are associated with approximately 0.1% of human genetic disorders. The first part of this review discusses mechanisms of Alu amplification and diversity among different Alu subfamilies. The second part discusses the particular role of Alu elements in generating genomic rearrangements as well as human genetic disorders.
Alu Elements* ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomic Instability ; Humans* ; Nervous System Diseases ; Primates ; Recombination, Genetic ; Retroelements

BACKGROUND: The dissemination of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing gram-negative bacilli is of great concern because MBL can hydrolyze carbapenem. We report herein the infection by VIM-2 type MBL producing Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For seven A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans with reduced imipenem susceptibility, the detection for MBL was performed using EDTA double disk synergy test (EDTA- DDS) and the PCR for IMP-1, VIM-1 and VIM-2 genes. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MBL producers were determined by microbroth dilution methods. The DNA fingerprinting analysis was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA. RESULTS: All seven isolates were MBL producers when tested with EDTA-DDS test and these isolates were VIM-2 type confirmed by the PCR and DNA sequencing analysis. The MIC against imipenem ranged from 16 to 32 microgram/mL in these isolates. The DNA fingerprints of these isolates were identical. CONCLUSION: A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans manifest resistance against imipenem by acquisition of VIM-2 type MBL. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the VIM-2 type MBL producing A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans.
Achromobacter denitrificans* ; Achromobacter* ; DNA ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Edetic Acid ; Imipenem ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

BACKGROUND: The dissemination of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing gram-negative bacilli is of great concern because MBL can hydrolyze carbapenem. We report herein the infection by VIM-2 type MBL producing Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For seven A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans with reduced imipenem susceptibility, the detection for MBL was performed using EDTA double disk synergy test (EDTA- DDS) and the PCR for IMP-1, VIM-1 and VIM-2 genes. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MBL producers were determined by microbroth dilution methods. The DNA fingerprinting analysis was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA. RESULTS: All seven isolates were MBL producers when tested with EDTA-DDS test and these isolates were VIM-2 type confirmed by the PCR and DNA sequencing analysis. The MIC against imipenem ranged from 16 to 32 microgram/mL in these isolates. The DNA fingerprints of these isolates were identical. CONCLUSION: A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans manifest resistance against imipenem by acquisition of VIM-2 type MBL. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the VIM-2 type MBL producing A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans.
Achromobacter denitrificans* ; Achromobacter* ; DNA ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Edetic Acid ; Imipenem ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of study is to evaluate the incidence of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) in breast cancer patients with parenchymal brain metastases (PBM) and clinical risk factors for the development of LMC. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 27 patients who had undergone surgical resection (SR) and 156 patients with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) as an initial treatment for their PBM from breast cancer in our institution and compared the difference of incidence of LMC according to clinical factors. The diagnosis of LMC was made by cerebrospinal fluid cytology and/or magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients (14%) in the study population developed LMC at a median of 6.0 months (range, 1.0-50). Ten of 27 patients (37%) developed LMC after SR, whereas 17 of 156 (11%) patients who received WBRT were diagnosed with LMC after the index procedure. The incidence of LMC was significantly higher in the SR group compared with the WBRT group and the hazard ratio was 2.95 (95% confidence interval; 1.33-6.54, p<0.01). Three additional factors were identified in the multivariable analysis : the younger age group (<40 years old), the progressing systemic disease showed significantly increased incidence of LMC, whereas the adjuvant chemotherapy reduce the incidence. CONCLUSION: There is an increased risk of LMC after SR for PBM from breast cancer compared with WBRT. The young age (<40) and systemic burden of cancer in terms of progressing systemic disease without adjuvant chemotherapy could be additional risk factors for the development of LMC.
Brain ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Humans ; Incidence ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Meningeal Carcinomatosis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Streptothricins