PURPOSE: A task force identified 4 core properties of motivation-related improvement and developed a medical volunteer program for 63 medical freshmen in 2012. Three overarching topics were examined: What were the contents of the program? Did students' motivation improve? Were the students satisfied with the course? Pretest and posttest motivation levels and program evaluation forms were analyzed. METHODS: We organized a series of committee meetings and identified 4 core factors of motivation. The program was conducted for 63 medical freshmen in March 2012. The program evaluation form was analyzed using SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: The core factors of motivation were interest in medical studies, volunteer-mindedness, medical humanities, and self-management. The program was composed of lectures, medical volunteer hours, and program evaluation and feedback sessions. Students' motivation differed significantly with regard to interest in medical studies (t=-2.40, p=0.020) and volunteer-mindedness (t=-3.45, p=0.001). Ninety percent of students were satisfied with the program, 67.8% of students were satisfied with the medical volunteer activity, and the feedback session of the program was meaningful (66.1%). CONCLUSION: The medical volunteer program, held in the first month of the medical education year, was meaningful, but the reasons for dissatisfaction with the program should be examined. We should also develop a system that has lasting beneficial effects on academic achievement and career selection.
Achievement ; Advisory Committees ; Education, Medical ; Humanities ; Humans ; Lectures ; Motivation ; Program Evaluation ; Self Care ; Students, Medical

PURPOSE: The incidence of endobronchial tuberculosis in children is unknown, due to the inconsistent implementation of bronchoscopy in pediatric patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In this study, our aim was to determine the incidence and clinical course of endobronchial tuberculosis in children. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients less than 18 years of age, who was diagnosed with endobronchial tuberculosis via fiberoptic bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Out of the 101 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 16 patients had endobronchial tuberculosis. The median age at diagnosis was 11.2 years (range, 5 months to 16.1 years). Tuberculin skin test was positive in 9 cases (56.2%), and 6 patients (37.5%) had a history of household contact with tuberculosis. Consolidation lesion was common in the simple chest radiographs of patients with endobronchial tuberculosis. According to the bronchoscopic finding, actively caseating type was most common (43.8%). Nine of the 16 patients of endobronchial tuberculosis progressed to bronchial obstruction and 4 patients underwent pneumonectomy or lobectomy. Fibrostenotic and tumorous type tend to progress to endobronchial obstruction compared with actively caseating type. CONCLUSION: The incidence of endobronchial tuberculosis in pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis was 15.8%. Early detection and effective treatment of endobronchial tuberculosis are important to decrease the secondary complication, such as bronchial obstruction.
Bronchoscopy ; Child ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pneumonectomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin Tests ; Thorax ; Tuberculin ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

OBJECTIVES: Breast cancer has been the most prevalent female cancer in South Korea since 2001. Early detection of this disease is the most effective strategy for reducing mortality. The objective of this study was to identify factors which could predict advanced stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. METHODS: Participants who were initially diagnosed with breast cancer and referred to the Stress Clinic of the Breast Cancer Center at Kyungpook National University Hospital were included. Through a semi-structured interview, the authors investigated psychosocial variables such as the extent of marital and family functioning and emotional-economic family burden as well as sociodemographic and health behavior-, health characteristic- and cancer-related variables. RESULTS: Data were collected from 219 participants. One hundred and twenty(54.8%) subjects were diagnosed with advanced-stage breast cancer. Variables that were significantly different between the advanced-stage and early-stage groups included : monthly breast self examination(p<0.000), annual mammographic screening(p< 0.000), mode of tumor detection(p<0.000), nature of the first symptoms(p<0.000), time to treatment after di-agnosis(p<0.000), overloaded economic and family burden(p=0.018), marital functioning(p<0.000) and family functioning(p<0.00). Logistic regression analysis indicated that irregular annual mammography screening(OR=7.431 ; 95% CI 2.407-22.944) or a lack of screening(OR=25.299 ; 95% CI 7.855-81.482) and a dysfunctional marital relationship(OR=4.772 ; 95% CI 2.244-10.145) were significantly associated with advanced stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We reconfirmed screening behavior to be a risk factor for delayed diagnosis of breast cancer. Our findings also emphasized the importance of psychosocial factors such as marital functioning in early detection of breast cancer. Psychiatric consultation in the area of martial functioning could be beneficial for increasing early detection in breast cancer.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Delayed Diagnosis* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mammography ; Marriage* ; Mass Screening ; Mortality ; Psychology* ; Risk Factors ; Time-to-Treatment

OBJECTIVE: The present study has examined whether subjective age would be associated with cognitive functioning in older adults. METHODS: Data from the third wave of Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project were used. This study was conducted with 152 older adults aged 60–89 years (mean=72.26, standard deviation=6.41) who completed measures of subjective age, Mini-Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening, Elderly Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span Test, Korean-Color Word Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Korean Boston Naming Test-Short form. The association of subjective age and cognitive functioning was analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. Sex, depression, and chronological age were included as control variables. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that a younger subjective age was associated with better processing speed, immediate memory, and executive function respectively. Even after controlling for chronological age, depression, and sex, the subjective age was associated with cognitive functioning in old age. CONCLUSION: Beyond chronological age, the subjective experience of age was associated with cognitive aging.
Adult ; Aged ; Aging ; Cognition ; Cognitive Aging ; Dementia ; Depression ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Memory, Short-Term ; Stroop Test ; Trail Making Test ; Verbal Learning

PURPOSE: This purpose of this study was to identify both good teaching and desirable teaching behaviors perceived by nursing students.METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. A convenience sample of 324 nursing students was selected and they completed self-reported questionnaires from November 1 to December 30, 2015.RESULTS: Among 4 perspectives of good teaching (traditional, systemic, interaction, and constructionism), the traditional perspective was perceived as the highest form of good teaching, while the systemic perspective was perceived as the lowest. Meanwhile, disclosure and clarity were perceived as the highest desirable teaching behaviors. Regardless of students' perspective of good teaching, all 4 perspectives of good teaching were positively related with clarity, enthusiasm, interaction, organization, and disclosure as desirable teaching behaviors independently.CONCLUSIONS: Nursing students perceived that the highest perspective of good teaching was the traditional perspective. Meanwhile, they perceived that clarity, enthusiasm, interaction, organization, and disclosure were desirable teaching behaviors regardless of their perspective of good teaching. Further study will be needed to perceive nursing faculty's awareness of good teaching and desirable teaching behaviors to identify the difference of awareness between nursing students and faculty.
Disclosure ; Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Nursing ; Students, Nursing

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to gain insights into empathy, cyberbullying, and cybervictimization among Filipino adolescents. Methods: The participants were 168 junior high school students in the 7th to 10th grades at a public high school in Cavite Province, Philippines. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, the Basic Empathy Scale, and Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory-II scores. The data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics (frequency and mean), the independent t-test, bivariate correlation, and one-way analysis of variance. Results: The degree of empathy did not show a statistically significant relationship with cyberbullying (r=-.07, p=.359) but did show a significant relationship with cybervictimization (r=.18, p=.025). Furthermore, cyberbullying had a statistically significant association with cybervictimization (r=.60, p<.001). Conclusion Although empathy does not necessarily affect cyberbullying, higher levels of empathy were found among cyberbullying victims. However, an alarming result of this study is the possibility that victims may become cyberbullies. Therefore, we should highlight empathy as part of efforts to prevent cyberbullying and to solve various cyber-related problems. Since cyberbullying and cybervictimization are closely related, it is important to focus on this relationship and to make multilateral efforts to ensure that cyberbullying does not lead to other negative issues.

Purpose: In patients with lacrimal passage obstruction, the location and severity of the obstruction observed in lacrimal endoscopy were evaluated with respect to the success rate of silicone tube intubation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 120 eyes of 74 patients who underwent lacrimal endoscopy (RUIDO fiberscope; Fibertech Co., Tokyo, Japan)-assisted silicone tube intubation from August 2018 to October 2019. The analysis included clinical characteristics, irrigation test results, lacrimal endoscopic findings, and analyzed factors associated with surgical success. The location and severity of the obstruction observed by lacrimal endoscopy were classified. Results: Of the 120 eyes that received lacrimal endoscopy-assisted silicone tube intubation, 101 eyes (84.2%) were successful in surgery. Canalicular stenosis in 41 eyes (34.2%), canalicular obstruction in 35 eyes (29.2%), nasolacrimal duct stenosis in 24 eyes (20.0%), and nasolacrimal obstruction in 28 eyes (23.3%) were observed in lacrimal endoscopy. Regardless of the location of the obstruction of the canaliculus and nasolacrimal duct, it was observed that surgical success was affected by the severity of the obstruction (p = 0.041 and p = 0.018, respectively). Conclusions The severity of the lacrimal passage obstruction observed during lacrimal endoscopy was shown to have a statistically significant effect on the success rate of lacrimal endoscopy-assisted silicone tube intubation. However, the location of the obstruction in the lacrimal passage did not have a statistically significant effect on the success rate.

Purpose: In patients with lacrimal passage obstruction, the location and severity of the obstruction observed in lacrimal endoscopy were evaluated with respect to the success rate of silicone tube intubation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 120 eyes of 74 patients who underwent lacrimal endoscopy (RUIDO fiberscope; Fibertech Co., Tokyo, Japan)-assisted silicone tube intubation from August 2018 to October 2019. The analysis included clinical characteristics, irrigation test results, lacrimal endoscopic findings, and analyzed factors associated with surgical success. The location and severity of the obstruction observed by lacrimal endoscopy were classified. Results: Of the 120 eyes that received lacrimal endoscopy-assisted silicone tube intubation, 101 eyes (84.2%) were successful in surgery. Canalicular stenosis in 41 eyes (34.2%), canalicular obstruction in 35 eyes (29.2%), nasolacrimal duct stenosis in 24 eyes (20.0%), and nasolacrimal obstruction in 28 eyes (23.3%) were observed in lacrimal endoscopy. Regardless of the location of the obstruction of the canaliculus and nasolacrimal duct, it was observed that surgical success was affected by the severity of the obstruction (p = 0.041 and p = 0.018, respectively). Conclusions The severity of the lacrimal passage obstruction observed during lacrimal endoscopy was shown to have a statistically significant effect on the success rate of lacrimal endoscopy-assisted silicone tube intubation. However, the location of the obstruction in the lacrimal passage did not have a statistically significant effect on the success rate.

Background: This study aimed to improve the clinical course of patients through rapid response by analyzing the characteristics of critically ill patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Busan between December 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021. Methods: We divided patients diagnosed with COVID-19 into mild-to-moderate and critical groups based on their clinical severity. The critically ill patients were further sub-divided into delta and delta variant non-epidemic group. Results: The following factors were significantly more frequent in critically ill patients than in patients with mild-tomoderate symptoms: male sex, age ≥60 years, symptoms at the time of diagnosis, and those with underlying diseases. The following factors were significantly more common in the non-delta variant epidemic group than in the delta variant epidemic group in critically ill patients: male sex, age ≥60 years, underlying diseases, and not being vaccinated. In the delta variant epidemic group, the duration between confirmation of disease and its progression to critically ill status was significantly shorter than that in the non-delta variant epidemic group. Conclusion COVID-19 is characterized by the emergence of new variants and repeated epidemics. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of critically ill patients to efficiently distribute and manage medical resources.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review pain alleviation intervention for Korean pediatric inpatients with reference to Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort. Methods: Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review methods were used. Articles published in Korean or English were identified through electronic search engines and scholarly web sites. Scientific, peer-reviewed articles published between 2006 and 2019 were included in this review. Twenty-seven articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Results: Among the 27 selected studies, three were descriptive, while 24 were interventional studies related to pain alleviation interventions. Pain alleviation interventions showed three attributes: identifying pain triggers and the child’s response to pain, effective strategies for pain relief, and nurses’ competence in pain management. Conclusion The three attributes of pain alleviation interventions using the theory of comfort shown in this study were identified as important factors for obtaining evidence-based data on how to enhance the comfort of hospitalized pediatric patients. In addition, the attributes of pain alleviation interventions should be considered for hospitalized pediatric patients and their family members.