PURPOSE: The study aimed to assess the average time to return to play following surgery for chronic lateral ankle instability in athletes.METHODS: A literature search was conducted (1976 to 2019) by two independent reviewers using the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane library databases. Articles were retrieved by an electronic search using individual keywords (“lateral ankle instability,” “surgery,” “operation,” “return to sport,” “return to play”) and their combinations. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were assessed for pertinent data.RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials were included in this analysis. The mean follow-up period was 44.8 months (range, 31.8–58.1 months) in 219 patients (male, 126; female, 113). The mean age was 23.2 years (range, 18.2–28.2 years). Different criteria for returning to sports were used in each paper. In the papers included in this study, different methods and definitions were used for the postoperative recovery method for lateral ankle instability injury. The average time until return to play was 16.53 weeks.CONCLUSION: There are limitations to the application of different surgical techniques and data from different athletes for chronic lateral ankle instability. However, these results suggest that sports physicians evaluate the surgical outcome and may be utilized as reference data for informing the athletes about their time until return.
Ankle Injuries ; Ankle ; Athletes ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Methods ; Return to Sport ; Sports

In this report, a case of a black meniscus with underlying ochronosis is described. Further analysis by laboratory findings showed that the patient had underlying alkaptonuria, which was previously undiagnosed. The patient's symptoms showed improvement after arthroscopic treatment.
Alkaptonuria ; Arthroscopy ; Humans ; Knee ; Ochronosis

Obesity has been a growing worldwide concern, and surgical intervention including bariatric surgery is considered as one of the options for treatment. However, there still is controversy over the change in pharmacokinetics (PKs) of drugs after the surgery. To investigate the potential covariates that can influence the area under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the design of previous studies was reviewed based on pre-determined eligibility criteria. Each study calculated the ratios of the AUC and Cmax before and after bariatric surgery. These studies investigated whether the PK parameters were affected by the time after the surgery or by the type of control group. The ratio of the AUC calculated in the early and late follow-up period was similar across Roux-en Y gastric bypass patients. No significant difference in the PK parameters was found between the pre-surgical patients and matched healthy subjects. However, certain control groups could be preferable depending on the purpose of the clinical trial. Although Cmax was inconsistent compared to the AUC, insufficient sampling of the time points may have caused such an inconsistency. This is the first article exploring the appropriate methodology in designing clinical studies for changes in the PK characteristics of orally administered drugs in patients with bariatric surgery.