PURPOSE: To develop nurses' educational needs scale for woman with infertility. METHODS: A total of 201 nurses in charge of infertility health services in 4 infertility hospitals and 1 public health center were enrolled for this study. The scale was developed through literature review, in-depth interview, development of preliminary items, verification of content validity, development of secondary items, verification of construct validity, and extraction of final items. Data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's α. RESULTS: Nurses' educational needs scale for women with infertility consisted of 41 items. Three factors (education for disease and symptom of infertility, supporting and counselling for infertility patients, and education for daily life of infertile patients) explained 63.7% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses' educational needs scale for woman with infertility demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. Its items could be used to assess the level of educational needs for nurses in charge of infertility health services.
Education ; Female ; Health Services ; Humans ; Infertility ; Needs Assessment ; Public Health ; Reproducibility of Results

A Computer-Based Examination(CBE) System is developed to take the effective examination for medical student. The server system is operated with Windows NT(Korean ver. 4.0) and the clients system with Windows 95(later than ver. OSR 2), and the Microsoft SQL server(ver. 7.0) is used for database server, and the Inprise Delphi(ver. 4.02) for development tool. This system consists of five subsystems(item bank, item selection, implementation, item analysis). The CBE system is designed to execute the multimedia data(image, sound, movie), and for professors to build question items, to extract the items for examinations on this system, and for students to conduct the examination on the client computer systems. It will reduce time to mark examination papers and to analyze the items, and can be applied for self-studying(computer assisted learning, CAL) with linking to internet or knowledge-base system.
Computer Systems ; Humans ; Internet ; Learning ; Multimedia ; Students, Medical*

Hot tub lung is a lung disorder associated with exposure to hot tub water contaminated with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Although its pathogenesis remains unclear, it may be considered hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) rather than an infectious disease. We report a case which fulfilled the current diagnostic criteria of hot tub lung. A patient had worked as a cleaner in the public bath for approximately one year and presented with dyspnea for over one month. The computed tomographic finding of bilateral ground glass attenuation and pathologic finding of granulomatous inflammation were consistent with HP. MAC was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and hot tub water. After corticosteroid treatment without antimycobacterial medication, the patient improved and there has been no recurrence. The patient has since discontinued working in the public bath.
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic ; Baths ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Communicable Diseases ; Dyspnea ; Glass ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lung ; Mycobacterium avium Complex ; Recurrence

A link between sensorineural hearing loss and autoimmune disease is postulated.The pathogenesis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)is not clear.However,several reports have suggested vasculitis secondary to SLE as underlying mechanism or association of antiphospholipid antibody (aPL).Although there were some cases of sensorineural hearing loss associated with systemic lupus erythematosus or lupuslike syndrome treated with plasmapheresis or immunosuppressive agents,there has been no case of SNHL in patients with SLE reported in Korea.We describe an 18-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.She was treated with high-dose corticosteroids with favorable clinical outcome.
Adolescent ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Female ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural* ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Plasmapheresis ; Vasculitis

Background: Early trauma is known to be a risk factor of suicide-related behavior. On the other hand, people who attempt suicide using a fatal method are reported to be more likely to complete suicide. In this study, we assumed that early trauma affects an individual's temperament and character and thereby increases the risk of a fatal method of suicide attempts. Methods: We analyzed 92 people with a history of previous suicide attempts. We compared the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised scores between the groups with and without early trauma, and between the groups with and without a history of suicide attempt using fatal methods through an analysis of covariance with age, sex, and presence of a psychiatric history as covariates. A mediation analysis was conducted of the relationship between early trauma and fatal methods of suicide attempt with self-transcendence as a mediator. Results: Higher self-transcendence was reported in the fatal group (27.71 ± 13.78 vs. 20.97 ± 12.27, P = 0.010) and the early trauma group (28.05 ± 14.30 vs. 19.43 ± 10.73, P = 0.001), respectively. The mediation model showed that self-transcendence mediates the relationship between early trauma and fatal methods of suicide attempt. The 95% confidence intervals for the direct and indirect effect were (−0.559, 1.390) and (0.026, 0.947), respectively. Conclusion Self-transcendence may mediate the relationship between early trauma and fatal methods of suicide attempt. Self-transcendence may be associated with unhealthy defenses and suicidal behavior for self-punishment and may constitute a marker of higher suicide risk.

Background: Early trauma is known to be a risk factor of suicide-related behavior. On the other hand, people who attempt suicide using a fatal method are reported to be more likely to complete suicide. In this study, we assumed that early trauma affects an individual's temperament and character and thereby increases the risk of a fatal method of suicide attempts. Methods: We analyzed 92 people with a history of previous suicide attempts. We compared the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised scores between the groups with and without early trauma, and between the groups with and without a history of suicide attempt using fatal methods through an analysis of covariance with age, sex, and presence of a psychiatric history as covariates. A mediation analysis was conducted of the relationship between early trauma and fatal methods of suicide attempt with self-transcendence as a mediator. Results: Higher self-transcendence was reported in the fatal group (27.71 ± 13.78 vs. 20.97 ± 12.27, P = 0.010) and the early trauma group (28.05 ± 14.30 vs. 19.43 ± 10.73, P = 0.001), respectively. The mediation model showed that self-transcendence mediates the relationship between early trauma and fatal methods of suicide attempt. The 95% confidence intervals for the direct and indirect effect were (−0.559, 1.390) and (0.026, 0.947), respectively. Conclusion Self-transcendence may mediate the relationship between early trauma and fatal methods of suicide attempt. Self-transcendence may be associated with unhealthy defenses and suicidal behavior for self-punishment and may constitute a marker of higher suicide risk.

Villous adenoma of the extrahepatic duct is a rare disease. Even though it is benign, it has malignant potential and is considered a premalignant lesion. We here report one case of villous adenoma with foci of adenocarcinoma arising in the common hepatic duct. A 60-year-old male was admitted to our hospital because of epigastric pain. The cholangiogram revealed a large filling defect in the right intrahepatic and common hepatic duct with intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. The patient underwent right lobectomy. Grossly, stalked papillay tumor originated in the common hepatic duct was overriding the right intrahepatic duct. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of stratified tall columnar cells with various dysplasia and there were foci of invasive adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Adenoma, Villous* ; Bile Ducts ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Dilatation ; Hepatic Duct, Common* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rare Diseases

Background: Evidence continues to accumulate that the presence or absence of early trauma (ET) implies unique characteristics in the relationships between suicidal ideation and its risk factors. We examined the relationships among recent stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidal ideation in Korean suicidal women with or without such a history. Methods: Using data on suicidal adult females, 217 victims and 134 non-victims of ET, from the Korean Cohort for the Model Predicting a Suicide and Suicide-related Behavior, we performed structural equation modeling to investigate the contribution of recent stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms on suicidal ideation within each group according to the presence or absence of a history of ET. Results: Structural equation modeling with anxiety and depressive symptoms as potential mediators showed a good fit. Recent stress had a direct effect on both depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms in both groups. Only anxiety symptoms for victims of ET (standardized regression weight, 0.281; P = 0.005) and depressive symptoms for non-victims of ET (standardized regression weight, 0.326; P = 0.003) were full mediators that increased suicidal ideation. Thus, stress contributed to suicidal ideation by increasing the level of anxiety and depressive symptoms for victims and non-victims, respectively. Conclusion Tailored strategies to reduce suicidal ideation should be implemented according to group type, victims or non-victims of ET. Beyond educating suicidal women in stressmanagement techniques, it would be effective to decrease anxiety symptoms for those with a history of ET and decrease depressive symptoms for those without such a history.

Background: Evidence continues to accumulate that the presence or absence of early trauma (ET) implies unique characteristics in the relationships between suicidal ideation and its risk factors. We examined the relationships among recent stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidal ideation in Korean suicidal women with or without such a history. Methods: Using data on suicidal adult females, 217 victims and 134 non-victims of ET, from the Korean Cohort for the Model Predicting a Suicide and Suicide-related Behavior, we performed structural equation modeling to investigate the contribution of recent stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms on suicidal ideation within each group according to the presence or absence of a history of ET. Results: Structural equation modeling with anxiety and depressive symptoms as potential mediators showed a good fit. Recent stress had a direct effect on both depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms in both groups. Only anxiety symptoms for victims of ET (standardized regression weight, 0.281; P = 0.005) and depressive symptoms for non-victims of ET (standardized regression weight, 0.326; P = 0.003) were full mediators that increased suicidal ideation. Thus, stress contributed to suicidal ideation by increasing the level of anxiety and depressive symptoms for victims and non-victims, respectively. Conclusion Tailored strategies to reduce suicidal ideation should be implemented according to group type, victims or non-victims of ET. Beyond educating suicidal women in stressmanagement techniques, it would be effective to decrease anxiety symptoms for those with a history of ET and decrease depressive symptoms for those without such a history.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized and opened a new paradigm for cancer treatment. In the era of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy, precision medicine has gained emphasis, and an early response assessment is a key element of this approach. Treatment response assessment for immunotherapy is challenging for radiologists because of the rapid development of immunotherapeutic agents, from immune checkpoint inhibitors to chimeric antigen receptor-T cells, with which many radiologists may not be familiar, and the atypical responses to therapy, such as pseudoprogression and hyperprogression.Therefore, new response assessment methods such as immune response assessment, functional/molecular imaging biomarkers, and artificial intelligence (including radiomics and machine learning approaches) have been developed and investigated.Radiologists should be aware of recent trends in immunotherapy development and new response assessment methods.