Metaplastic carcinomas (carcinomas with metaplasia) of the breast are difficult to accurately diagnose and classify because of their rarity and varied histologic patterns. Cystic change can be encountered in mammary carcinoma, especially in carcinoma with squamous metaplasia, but are rare in pseudosarcomatous metaplastic carcinoma. We recently experienced a case of pseduosarcomatous metaplastic carcinoma in a 69-year-old female who had an extensive cystic change in radiologic and histopathologic findings. The precise cell type that gives rise to metaplastic carcinomas remains uncertain. Immunohistochemical findings raised the possibility of the myoepithelial nature of the tumor.
Aged ; Breast* ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Metaplasia

This study was conducted to evaluate the expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 using immuno-histochemical methods in 145 primary breast carcinomas and to correlate it with other histo-pathological prognostic factors. Invasive ductal carcinoma represented 129 of the cases. Expression of p53 protein and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein was present in 48% (62/129) and 30% (39/129) of invasive ductal carcinomas, respectively. The expression of p53 protein was stongly associated with a high score of degree of differentiation (p<0.05), nuclear pleomorphism (p<0.05), mitotic index (p<0.05), SBR grade (p<0.05) and MSBR grade (p<0.05), but it was not associated with patient's age, size of tumor or axillary node metastasis. The overexpression of c-erbB-2 C-erbB-2 oncoprotein was strongly associated with a high score of nuclear pleomorphism and a high SBR grade (p<0.05), but not associated with patient's age, size of tumor, axillary node metastasis, degree of differentiation, mitotic index or MSBR grade. An inverse relationship between the expression of p53 protein and estrogen receptor status was found, but the expression of c-erbB-2 was not associated with estrogen receptor status. It is concluded that p53 protein and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein are important prognostic factors in breast cancers, and that the aberrant expression of p53 protein is the most useful prognostic factor becausd of strong association of known histopathological prognostic factors and negative estrogen receptor status.
Breast Neoplasms

Composite grafting remains a technique which is used reluctantly and without great hope of success. In the recent two years, unexpectedly good result of composite graft was gained from 30 cases. The purpose of our study is to identify factors influencing success and to overlook long-term problems from a cosmetic and a functional view point. A retrospective review and a questionnaire about 30 fingers of 29 patients which were operated for composite graft at Kyongju hospital of Dongguk university from March 1997 to February 1999 were carried out. In all cases of composite grafting, tie-over dressing and heat lamp were applied and left for five days. And following result and conclusion were obtained. 1. 24(80%) of 30 finger tips replaced as composite graft were survived completely or partially. 2. At children with an age range 1 to 14, the survival rate (100%) of composite grafted tips was higher than that (75%) at adults. So, patient's age was important factor for success. 3. The type of injury was more important factor than the level of amputation. The survival rate(100%) of tips to cutting injury was higher than that(75%) of tips to crushing injury. 4. The delay in time from amputation and replacement did not significantly correlate with the survival rate. But, all tips replaced within 3 hours were survived completely or partially. 5. Even if partial necrosis on grafted tips was present, a result of long-time conservative treatment with minimal debridrement was excellent. Especially in children, the tips with conservative treatment showed normal appearance, several months later. 6. Cosmetic and functional results were better in child group and in groups with higher survival rate. Most common problem in cosmetic aspect was a short digit and that in functional aspect was a tender tip. 7. As a heat lamp increased blood supply, we could obtain better outcome.
Adult ; Amputation ; Bandages ; Child ; Fingers ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hope ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Transplants*

This study was conducted to assess the prognostic value of tumor angiogenesis and Cathepsin-D in breast carcinoma, by correlating them with other clinicopathologic prognostic factors. In order to estimate microvessels within the tumor, an immunohistochemical method using monoclonal antibodies for factor VIII-related antigens (DAKO-vWf, F8/86) was used, and they were counted (perx200 field) in the most active areas of neovascularization. For the expression of Cathepsin-D, an immunohistochemical method using monoclonal antibodies (Novocastra, NCL-CDm) was performed. The microvessel count ranged from 8 to 346 per x200 field and the mean (+/-SD) was 72.46+/-54.96. The microvessel count was correlated with the estrogen receptor status, and it was also correlated with the tumor size when it was graded into four groups (1-33, 34-67, 68-100, >100), but was not correlated with other clinicopathologic parameters. Cathepsin-D was expressed in 40% (46/115) of the cases, but it was statistically correlated with the tumor size only. In conclusion, the expression of Cathepsin D and the degree of angiogenesis in breast cancer showed a correlation with the tumor size only. Therefore, they do not appear to be good prognostic parameters, according to the present study.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal* ; Cathepsin D ; Estrogens ; Microvessels ; Prognosis ; von Willebrand Factor

The prefabrication by vascular induction into random patterned flaps is a method creating axial donor flap by implantation of nourishing pedicles prior to harvesting random patterned flaps. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of a thin prefabricated flap prepared by the subdermal implantation of fasciovascular pedicles without subcutaneous tissue or muscular layer, by comparing with the prefabrication by the subpanniculus carnosus implantation of vascular pedicles, which is well known to a predictable survival rate by many authors. In the left abdomen of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats, the fasciovascular pedicles were implanted in the subdermal layer in group I(n=20) and sub panniculus carnosus layer in group II(n=20), respectively. 5 weeks later, 4 x 6 cm sized abdominal flap was elevated with implanted vascular pedicle as an island and reposed immediately. At the same time, in the right abdomen, conventional island flap was elevated and reposed. After 3 days later, the evaluation of the survival area was carried out in each side, in both groups. The mean proportions of the survival areas in group I were 74.2 and 91.8% in the prefabricated and conventional flap, respectively. And those in group II were 76.4 and 91.2% in the prefabricated and conventional flap, respectively. These results showed that there is no difference in the proportion of survival area between two types of prefabrication. In conclusion, it is possible to prefabricate a thin axial-patterned fascioutaneous flap without subcutaneous tissue and the viability of this prefabricated flap is reliable as much as that of other prefabricated flaps having subcutaneous or muscular tissue.
Abdomen ; Humans ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Survival Rate ; Tissue Donors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between milk intake and prevalence rates of chronic diseases using KNHANES data, and the significance of the relationship was tested based on meditators, socioeconomic status (income, education), dietary behaviors (smoking, alcohol drinking, breakfast, and eating out), and physical activity (walking, medium, and high). METHODS: Using the 5(th) and 6(th) survey data of KNHANES, milk intake rates and presence of seven chronic diseases were summarized and analyzed by ANOVA for two groups of adult men and women as follows: hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, abdominal obesity, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The dependent variables for the presence of seven chronic diseases regressed with socioeconomic, dietary behavior, and physical activity variables according to Logistic models. The dependent variables for milk intake using predictor variables of socioeconomic, dietary behaviors and physical activity were analyzed according to Logistic models. Finally, the significant socioeconomic, dietary behavior, and physical activity variables in the above model along with milk intake as a control variable or mediator variable regressed with significant chronic diseases according to Logistic models. RESULTS: Milk intake, socioeconomic status, dietary behaviors, and physical activity were significantly different among the two groups of adult men and women, which were also critical factors to the prevalence of chronic diseases. The dependent variable for prevalence of chronic diseases regressed with significant factors of socioeconomic status, dietary behavior, and physical activity variables according to chronic diseases using the control or mediator variable of milk intake and summarized as follows: For adult men, milk intake controlled the education effect on diabetes partly, alcohol on hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, breakfast on metabolic syndrome, eating out on obesity, and medium physical activity on hypertriglyceridemia. For adult women, household income on hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, abdominal obesity, education level on hypertension, alcohol drinking, eating out, and walking activity on abdominal obesity, alcohol, breakfast, eating out, walking activity on low HDL-cholesterol, and medium physical activity on hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol were partly controlled by milk intake. Other significant socioeconomic status, dietary behavior, and physical activity variables related to prevalence of chronic diseases were fully controlled or mediated by milk intake. CONCLUSION: This study shows that milk intake (daily more than 200 g) prevents chronic diseases such as hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, abdominal obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
Adult* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Breakfast ; Chronic Disease* ; Eating ; Education ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Milk* ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Prevalence* ; Social Class ; Walking

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma is a recently defined unusual variant of invasive breast carcinoma characterized by the formation of micropapillae within clear spaces separated by delicate fibrocollagenous stroma. This study was designed to examine clinicopathologic features of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast. Sixteen cases of invasive micropapillary carcinoma were retrieved from the files of the Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine. We evaluated their clinicopathologic findings including patients' age, tumor size, nuclear grade, vascular invasion, axillary lymph node status, presence of extensive intraductal carcinoma, estrogen and progesterone receptors, p53, c-erbB-2, MIB-1 labelling index and follow-up data and compared this results with those of 292 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified. The incidence of invasive micropapillary carcinoma was 4.2% of all invasive breast carcinoma, and the mean age of the patients was 46 years. Nine cases were pure form (over 75% of micropapillary growth pattern in the tumor) and seven cases were mixed form. The results of clinicopathologic findings, except vascular invasion and axillary lymph node status, of the 16 cases of invasive micropapillary carcinoma were not different from those of the 292 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (p>0.05). However, the rate of vascular invasion and axillary lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in invasive micropapillary carcinoma (p <0.05). Of 16 cases, five cases had distant metastasis during follow-up period, and one patient died of cancer. Although the mechanism of higher vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis in micropapillary growth pattern could not be determined, we propose that invasive micropapillary carcinoma should be recognized as a separate entity with increased risks of vascular invasion and axillary lymph node metastsis.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Estrogens ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pathology ; Receptors, Progesterone

This study was performed to investigate dietary habits and nutritional intake according to body mass index (BMI) of female college students. The subjects were 1361 students with a mean age of 20.4 years residing in Seoul and Kyonggui area. BMI (kg/m2) between > or = 18.5 to < or = 23 was considered as normal, < 18.5 as underweight and > 23 as overweight. The subjects had a mean BMI of 20.0 kg/m2 and 25% of them were classified as underweight group, 67% as normal group and 8% as overweight group. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency method and consumption of foods and nutrients was analyzed. Frequency of meal skipping was higher in the overweight group, 16.1% of the overweight group skipped dinner. Also, the frequency of snack intake was lowest in the overweight group. The overweight group consumed less meat and fish than the normal and underweight groups. The total number of foods consumed in a day was also significantly lower than that of the underweight and normal group. The overweight group consumed less energy, protein, fat, phosphorus and niacin than the underweight and normal groups. The overweight group took iron and sodium intake lower than the normal group. Mean intakes of nutrients except clacium and iron in all three groups were over Korea RDA. The NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) value of all nutrients, except calcium, was lower in the overweight group when compared to the normal and underweight groups, and the MAR (mean adequacy ratio) of the overweight group was 0.89, which was lower than 0.92 of the underweight and 0.93 of the normal group. The above results indicated that the deficiency of major nutrients such as calcium and iron could be inducde by less kinds of consumed foods and frequent meal skipping including dinner in the overweighted group. Therefore, balanced nutrient intake is required to maintain skeletal health and prevent anemia in overweighted female college students aged twenties.
Anemia ; Body Mass Index* ; Calcium ; Female ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Iron ; Korea ; Meals ; Meat ; Niacin ; Nutritional Status* ; Overweight ; Phosphorus ; Seoul ; Snacks ; Sodium ; Thinness

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of iodine intake based on ingestion levels and urinary iodine excretion of women of childbearing age (15–45 years old) using data from the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: Iodine intake was calculated using the 24 hours dietary recall method and urinary iodine excretion. The iodine nutrition database for the analysis of dietary iodine intake was constructed using the food composition database of the Rural Development Administration (RDA), the Korean Nutrition Society (KNS), the Ministries of Food and Drug Safety, China and, Japan. The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluation criteria and hazard quotient (HQ) calculated using biomonitoring equivalents (BE) were applied to evaluate the safety of the iodine intake. Results: Of the study subjects, 15.22% had a urinary iodine concentration level of less than 100 μg/L, which was diagnosed as deficient, and 48.16% had an excessive iodine concentration of over 300 μg/L. Urinary iodine concentration was 878.71 μg/L, iodine/creatinine was 589.00 μg/g, and iodine/creatinine was significantly higher at the age of 30–45 years. The dietary iodine intake was 273.47 μg/day, and the iodine intake calculated from the urinary iodine excretion was 1,198.10 μg/day. Foods with a high contribution to iodine intake were vegetables, seafood, seaweed and processed foods. The HQ was 1.665 when the urinary iodine content was > 1,000 μg/L. Conclusion The results of this study implicate that the urinary iodine concentration, rather than the dietary iodine intake, is more appropriate to evaluate the iodine status under the current situation that a comprehensive iodine database for Koreans has not been established.

Dietary Variety Score (DVS) or Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) offers a way of comparing eating habits across populations and across countries. This study compared nutrients intakes, food intakes, DVS, and NAR between Korean and US adults using the large national survey data. 4662 Korean adults (men: 2201, women: 2461) aged 20 - 49 years were selected from the 'Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2001' and 4199 US adults (men: 2127, women: 2072) aged 20 - 49 years were selected from the 'US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES IV, 1999 - 2002)'. The total plant food intakes were high in Korean adults, but the total animal food intakes were high in US adults. Intakes of legumes and nuts, vegetables and mushrooms were higher in Korean than in US adults. On the other hand, intakes of meats, milk and dairy products of US adults were higher than Korean. Beverage intakes were 8 - 10 times higher in US adults than in Korean. The mean DVS of Korean men and women were higher than US men and women. Intakes of fat, calcium and vitamin B2 of US adults were 1.5 - 2 times higher than those of Korean, which could probably related to larger consumption by US adults on milk and dairy product. While the intakes of carbohydrate and vitamin C of the Korean were higher than the US adults, which could presumably related to higher grain and vegetable consumption. Percent energy intakes from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 64.1%, 15.8%, and 20.1% for Korean men, 52.4%, 15.0%, and 32.6% for US men, 65.9%, 14.9%, 19.2% for Korean women, and 52.1%, 14.7%, 33.2% for US women respectively, which showed higher %energy from carbohydrate in Korean and higher %energy from fat in US adults. Most nutrient intakes except energy and vitamin C expressed as %RDA were higher in US than in Korean adults. Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of US men and Korean men were both 0.85, while the MAR was 0.81 for Korean women, 0.79 for US women. The Korean women's diet showed more diverse and adequate than the US women's diet.
Adult* ; Agaricales ; Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Beverages ; Calcium ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Eating ; Edible Grain ; Fabaceae ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nuts ; Plants ; Riboflavin ; United States* ; Vegetables