No abstract available.
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins*

PURPOSE: Among children who visited hospital because of short stature, malnutrition-related short stature(MRSS) is often observed. Most of these children showed significantly decreased appetite without medical cause. Leptin is a very important weight regulating protein through a feedback signal between adipose tissue and the satiety center. IGF-I and insulin are also very important weight regulating hormones with adipogenic and somatotropic effects. Therefore, we have undertaken this study to examine the levels of leptin, IGF-I and insulin in MRSS and to analyze the relationship among these growth factors. METHODS: Twenty children more than 5 years old, who visited Sanggye Paik Hospital due to poor growth were enrolled. Their weight and height are less than 10 percentile of the Korean weight standard curve. All subjects had no organic disorders and their growth hormone levels were normal. Twenty healthy children whose height and weight were between the 25-75 percentiles were enrolled as a control group. The serum levels of leptin, IGF-I and insulin were measured by RIA method. RESULTS: 1)Leptin concentration was significantly lower in the MRSS than in the control group(2.35+/-1.05 vs 3.20+/-2.31 ng/mL, P<0.05, Fig. 1). 2)IGF-I concentration was significantly lower in the MRSS than in the control group(176.4+/-93.1 vs 258.2+/-221.3 ng/mL, P<0.05, Fig. 2). 3)Insulin concentration was lower in the MRSS than in the control group but showed no significant differences(17.9+/-13.9 vs 21.8+/-14.0 microIU/mL, Fig. 3). 4)Leptin was positively correlated with body weight(r=0.49, P<0.05) and BMI (r=0.55, P=0.01) in the control group, but was not correlated in the MRSS group. 5)IGF-I was positively correlated with body weight(r=0.61, P<0.05) and height (r=0.56, P<0.05) and BMI(r=0.50, P=0.05) in the control group, but was not correlated in the MRSS group. 6)There were no correlations among leptin, IGF-I and insulin both in the control and MRSS group. CONCLUSION: We speculate that low leptin and IGF-I concentrations in MRSS group might be related to the result of a poor nutritional state and might be an adaptive mechanism to reduce energy expenditure to increase appetite. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of poor appetite and adaptational changes of leptin, IGF-I and insulin, further studies with more cases are needed.
Adipose Tissue ; Appetite* ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Energy Metabolism ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Insulin* ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Leptin*

No abstract available.
Growth Hormone*

No abstract available.
Eating*

To determine the incidence rate of school accidents and its associated factors, a cohort observation was carried out in a boys' high school of a total 2,324 students for an academic year from March 1986 to February 1987. Data for accidents were collected by the author (school nurse) as students came to the school health station for treatment of accidental injury. Data for school activities were obtained from the diary of academic affairs. A total of 603 students made 1,126 visits to the station for accidental injury during the study period that gave an average 1.9 accidents per student. The average number of visits for accidental injury per day was 5.1 and the incidence rate of accidental injury was 2.2 per 1,000 student days. Each class had about 30 accidents on the average in a year. However there were two classes that had exceptionally high incidence rate of accidents; 54 accidents in one class where 10 athletes were assigned and 58 accidents in the other class where the teacher in charge was on vacation for two months. The highest incidence rate of accident was observed in June (3.4 per 1,000 student days) and the lowest rates were in December and February (1.5 and 0.7 per 1,000 student days, respectively) and there were no appreciable difference by day of week. Accidents were caused by mischief or carelessness of students in 62.2% and by the inappropriate tools and facilities of school in 18.6%. The accidents caused by tools and facilities were mainly due to the antiquated chairs and tables. Referral rate to hospital for severe injury was three times higher in cloudy days and five times higher in rainy days than in clear days. There was almost no accident during the examination period but increased after the examination. Based on these findings, following measures are recommended to prevent school accident: disperse the athletes throughout the classes; should the teacher in charge leave the class for a long period, replace with another teacher who is familiar with the class to keep order; replace or repair the inappropriate tools and facilities; and warn the students for the risk of accident or broadcast music or let the students have light physical exercise to relieve the tension in cloudy or rainy day and after examination.
Athletes ; Cohort Studies* ; Daegu* ; Exercise ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Music ; Referral and Consultation ; School Health Services

PURPOSE:Growth retardation is a serious clinical problem in children with chronic renal failure(CRF). Dialysis and renal transplantation do not provide an improvement in growth velocity. Possible causes of growth retardation are nutritional deficiency, electrolyte imbalance, uremia, renal asteodystrophy and chronic anemia. However, catch-up growth cannot be achieved after correcting these factors. There is no concordance about disturbances of growth hormone(GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis. in CRF. This study was designed to evaluate the growth status, IGF-I, GH and the effect of GH in CRF. METHODS:Twelve children with CRF(five were treated conservative, seven were transplanted) were included. IGF-I, stimulated GH, 24 hour integrated concentration of GH (IC-GH)were measured. Six were given rhGH(0.1U/kg/day) for average one year. RESULTS: 1)Growth velocity(GV) was 3.2+/-0.8cm/yr(conservative therapy:3.3+/-0.7, transplanted:2.9+/-0.8). Height standard deveation score(SDS) was -2.4+/-1.3cm/yr(conservative therapy group:-3.3+/-1.4, transplanted group:-1.3+/-0.4). Bone age lagged 2.1+/-13yr behind chronological age. 2) IGF-I concentrations were normal. 3)Stimulated GH levels were normal(16.6+/-3.3ng/ml) except one patient. Twenty- four hour IC-GH were less than 3.2ng/ml in 4 patients. 4)After GH therapy, GV increased 3.3+/-0.7cm/yr to 5.4+/-0.8cm/yr and Ht SDS increased -3.3+/-1.4 to -2.9+/-1.5 in the conservatively treated group. GV increased 2.9+/-0.8cm/yr to 5.5+/-1.8cm/yr and Ht SDS increased -1.3+/-0.4 to -0.8+/-0.5 in the transplanted group. CONCLUSION: Stimulated GH was normal but spontaneous secretion of GH was decreased in some patients with CRF. This neurosecretory dysfunction may be one causative factor in CRF. For these patients GH replacement therapy will be effective in promoting growth.
Anemia ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Child* ; Dialysis ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Kidney Transplantation ; Malnutrition ; Uremia

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether women with unexplained elevations of maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) at 14-20weeks gestation are at incresed risk for poor pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: 661 pregnant women undergoing second trimester triple marker screening test for Down syndrome and neural tube defect and delivered at our hospital were reviewed. Of 656 pregnancies that did not have maternal serum alpha feto-protein> or =2.5 multiples of the median(MoM), risk for poor pregnancy outcomes include to preeclampsia, preterm delivery, preterm rupture of membrane(PROM), small for gestational age(SGA) and fetal distress was evaluated in women with elevated hCG(> or =2.0 MoM) compared with women without elevated hCG(<2.0 MoM). RESULTS: Pregnancies with elevated hCG levels were at increased risk for preeclampsia (risk ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.5-7.6) but elevated hCG levels were not significantly associated with preterm delivery, PROM, and SGA and fetal ditress independent with preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: Pregnancies with elevated second-trimester hCG appear to be at higher risk of subsequent preeclampsia and this finding supports the theory that placental vascular changes that ultimately lead to preeclampsia begin at least by the second trimester. But further studies must be to determine how such information can be used to improve pregnany outcome.
Chorion ; Chorionic Gonadotropin* ; Down Syndrome ; Female ; Fetal Distress ; Humans* ; Mass Screening ; Neural Tube Defects ; Pre-Eclampsia* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Pregnant Women ; Rupture

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of placebo(emotional stimulus) on physical fitness and psychological wellbeing. The subjects for the study were divided into tow groups. One experimental group received placebo and the other control group did not receive. Each group was composed of 15 women. The subjects continued aerobic exercise for an hour each time, three times a week, for eight weeks. The enhancement of physical fitness has been evaluated by body weight, BP, pulse rate, skinfolds thickness, circumference of waist and hip, body fat, % body fat, lean body mass, % lean body mass they were measured three times every 4 weeks. Also to evaluate the enhancement of psychological wellbeing, the self-esteem and self-perception were measured. The results can be summarized as follows : 1. The % body fat of experimental group decreased significantly than that of control group(p<0.1). 2. The % lean body mass of experimental group decreased significantly than that of control group(P<0.1). 3. There was no significant difference of other physical fitness factors between experimental group and control group. 4. There was no significant difference of self-esteem between experimental group and control group. 5. There was no significant difference of self-perception between experimental group and control group. From these results, it may be concluded that placebo(emotional stimulus) which received during aerobic exercise period is partially effective in the enhancement of the physical fitness.
Adipose Tissue ; Body Weight ; Exercise* ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Hip ; Humans ; Physical Fitness* ; Placebo Effect ; Self Concept

PURPOSE: This research compares self-leadership, team efficacy, problem solving processes and task satisfaction in response to teaching methods applied to nursing students, and determines whether variations exist. METHODS: This research experiments before and after the training of a nonequivalent group. The subjects were 36 learners of action learning methods and 39 learners of nursing course methods, and the research took place from October through December 2012. RESULTS: Prior to the training, the general features and measurable variables of the two groups of subjects were similar, and self-leadership, team efficacy, problem solving process and task satisfaction in both groups were elevated compared to pre-training. In particular, in comparison with the nursing course, there was a notable difference in scores, the action learning method receiving high scores in the problem solving process (t=2.92, p=.005) and task satisfaction (t=2.54, p=.013) CONCLUSION: It is recommended that educators not only conduct the practice training course for teaching methods, but also incorporate action learning.
Humans ; Leadership ; Learning ; Nursing ; Problem Solving* ; Students, Nursing* ; Teaching

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a structural model including relevant factors to identity the variables that affect school adjustment in juvenile delinquents. On the basis of a review of the literature on school adjustment of juvenile delinquents and on Bronfenbrenner's bio-ecological model, a hypothetical model was developed by setting home environmental factors (e.g.,economic conditions, parent child communication, parenting attitudes, peer relationships, and academic stress) as exogenous variables, and personal factors (e.g., ego identity and psychological well-being) as endogenous variables. METHODS: Data were collected from January 29 to March 3, 2015 by a survey of 206 students attending junior high and high schools in City B. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS and Amos 22.0 software. RESULTS: The verification of the hypothetical model indicated a good fit for the model: χ²=0.009 df=13, χ²/df=2.161, GFI=0.97, AGFI=0.90, RMESA=0.07, CFI=0.98, TLI=0.95, and RMR=0.01. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that ego identity and parent-child communication do not directly affect school adjustment of juvenile delinquents but influence it depending on the psychological well-being of delinquents. High levels of psychological well-being, better economic conditions, better parent-child communication, and low academic stress were abserved to contribute to better school life. Therefore, to improve the school adjustment of juvenile delinquents, appropriate measures need to be taken and programs need to be designed for improving ego identity and parent-child communication, thus promoting psychological well-being.
Child ; Ego ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Models, Structural ; Parenting ; Parents