Cancer statistics shows a high risk and increasing incidence of cancer among Koreans. Considerable burdens related to cancer and its treatment causes significant psychosocial distress among cancer patients and their family. Due to early detection and progress in cancer treatments, cancer is becoming a chronic illness and the quality of life and long-term impact of cancer is receiving increasing attention. Psycho-oncology is a subspecialty of oncology that addresses a psychosocial dimension of cancer throughout 'the continuum of cancer care', viz. from prevention and early detection to palliative and end-of-life care. This paper reviews the development of psycho-oncology and its current status in international and national context so as to promote efforts toward an integrative cancer care in Korea.
Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Quality of Life

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disease characterized by widespread destructive inflammatory lesions, involving cartilaginous tissue throughout the body. Commonly involved organs include the external ear, nose, joints, eyes, tracheobronchial tree, cardiovascular system and cutaneous tissues. Erythema nodosum or mesenteric panniculitis have sometimes been described in association with relapsing polychondritis, but cutaneous panniculitis is rarely reported in relapsing polychondritis. We report here a relapsing polychondritis patient who developed cutaneous panniculitis, which was resolved by corticosteroid therapy.
Cardiovascular System ; Ear, External ; Erythema Nodosum ; Humans ; Joints ; Nose ; Panniculitis* ; Panniculitis, Peritoneal ; Polychondritis, Relapsing* ; Rare Diseases

OBJECTIVES: Gallium 67(Ga-67) scintigraphy has been used to diagnose inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. We undertook a study to determine the clinical value of Ga- 67 renal scan in patients with various glomerular diseases. METHODS: Ga-67 scintigraphy was performed in 48 patients with various biopsy proven forms of renal diseases. Renal uptake in 48 patients images was graded as follow: Grade 0 = not visualization at 48 hours: 1 = faintly visualize: 2 = equal to uptake in spine: 3 = greater than over the spine: 4 = greater than activity over the liver. RESULTS: 1) Of the 48 patients, 31 were male, and mean age was 32 years. 11 patients had hypertension and 29 patients had hematuria. 2) Positive scintigram were seen in 40 of 48(83%) cases. In results of renal biopsy, IgA nephropathy(IgAN) was 15 patients, minimal change disease(MCD) was 14, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) was 8, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) was 3, lupus nephritis(LN) was 3, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis(PSGN) was 3 and membranous glomerulonephritis(MGN) was 2. 3) In 26 patients (54%) with nephrotic-range proteinuria, Grade 2 or higher renal uptake was observed in 9 (75%) of MCD, 5(100%) of FSGS, 2(100%) of LN and 3(75%) of IgAN. 4) In comparision nephrotics with non-nephrotics at biopsy, renal Ga-67 uptake in who patients had nephrotic-range proteinuria was correlated with clinical severity determined by serum albumin, serum total cholesterol and 24 hours urine protein excretion. CONCLUSIONS: Renal Ga-67 scintigraphy may be able to be a predictor in the assessment for severity of nephrotic syndrome.
Biopsy ; Cholesterol ; Gallium ; Glomerulonephritis ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Immunoglobulin A ; Liver ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Proteinuria ; Radionuclide Imaging* ; Serum Albumin ; Spine

OBJECTIVES: Research into emotional or behavioral stress typically focuses upon the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is well established that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is subject to inhibitory control by opioids in a variety of animal species including pigs. Exposure to acute stress induces the upregulation of opioid receptors and the release of endogenous peptides which mediate the stress-induced analgesia. There is some literature substantiating that repeated stress can lead to changes in opioidergic neurotransmission. However, the changes are highly variable. This study was designed to observe the modulatory effect of repeated immobilization stress on opioidergic neurotransmission. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-200g were forced to suffer immobilization stress for 2 hours on each of 14 successive days. Then we examined the maximum binding capacity and affinity of each opioid subtypes(mu, delta, kappa). RESULTS: Repeated immobilization stress increased the binding of [3H]DPDPE on the delta-subtype opioid receptor in the striatum and hypothalamus. Saturation experiments followed by scatchard analyses of the results showed an increase in the density of delta-subtype opioid receptors, but the affinity of the delta-subtype opioid receptor remained unchanged. Repeated immobilization stress reduced enkephalin activity of striatum and hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, it could be concluded that repeated immobilization stress up-regulated the delta-subtype opioid receptors and reduced the activity of enkephalin, an endogenous ligand for the delta-subtype opioid receptor.
Analgesia ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Animals ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Enkephalins ; Humans ; Hypothalamus ; Immobilization ; Male ; Peptides ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Opioid ; Swine ; Synaptic Transmission* ; Up-Regulation

Renal artery pseudoaneurysm after blunt renal trauma is an uncommon complication of delayed hemorrhage, and diagnostic difficulties are experienced due to its rarity. Delayed hemorrhage after renal trauma is a lifethreatening complication. Angiography is considered the gold standard to diagnose a traumatic renal artery pseudoaneurysm. We report here a case of delayed bleeding from a renal artery pseudoaneurysm that was diagnosed at 17 days after the injury and that was managed successfully with selective renal artery embolization without medical complication.
Aneurysm, False ; Angiography ; Hemorrhage ; Kidney ; Morphinans ; Renal Artery

In the current years, it has now become necessary to establish standards for micronutrient intake based on scientific evidence. This review discusses issues related to the development of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI) for magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), and future research directions. Following issues were encountered when establishing the KDRI for these minerals. First, characteristics of Korean subjects need to be applied to estimate nutrient requirements. When calculating the estimated average requirement (EAR), the KDRI used the results of balance studies for Mg absorption and factorial analysis for Zn, which is defined as the minimum amount to offset endogenous losses for Zn and Mg. For Cu, a combination of indicators, such as depletion/repletion studies, were applied, wherein all reference values were based on data obtained from other countries. Second, there was a limitation in that it was difficult to determine whether reference values of Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes in the 2020 KDRI were achievable. This might be due to the lack of representative previous studies on intakes of these nutrients, and an insufficient database for Mg, Zn, and Cu contents in foods. This lack of database for mineral content in food poses a problem when evaluating the appropriateness of intake. Third, data was insufficient to assess the adequacy of Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes from supplements when calculating reference values, considering the rise in both demand and intake of mineral supplements. Mg is more likely to be consumed as a multi-nutrient supplement in combination with other minerals than as a single supplement. Moreover, Zn-Cu interactions in the body need to be considered when determining the reference intake values of Zn and Cu. It is recommended to discuss these issues present in the 2020 KDRI development for Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes in a systematic way, and to find relevant solutions.

It has been considered that the nutrition affects the mortality of chronic renal failure patients. Thus, several studies reported the method of examination about nutritional status in chronic renal failure patients. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional status of 32 chronic renal failure patients, and recommend DEXA as a objective method. Thirty two chronic renal failure patients and 24 disease-free persons on kidney(control group) were included in this syudy. There were no difference in mean age, sex, weight, height, body mass index between two groups. We measured % total body fat, fat-free mass, limb fat, trunl fat, limb fat/trunk fat ratio with Hologic QDR 4500. The results were as follows. 1)% Total body fat of chronic renal failure patients was 20.7+/-7.9%. That was lower than 26.3+/-7.9% of control group(P<0.05). 2)Fat-free mass of chronic renal failure patients revealed lower result compared with control group. Each result was 40.2+/-12.2kg, 46.2+/-9.1kg(P<0.05). 3)Despite of no significant difference between two groups in ratio of limb fat and trunk fat, limb fat and trunk fat were statistically different(Limb fat:CRF-5.6+/-2.4kg, Control-7.1+/-1.9kg, Trunk fat:CRF- 5.2+/-3.0kg, Control-7.7+/-2.7kg)(P<0.05). 4)Triceps skinfold thockness was positively correlated with % total body fat, limb fat, trunk fat, and negatively correlated with fat-free mass. Mid- arm muscle area circumference had inverse relationship above(P<0.05). 6)Severe malnurished patients(SGA-C group) had lower result compared to mild-moderate malnurished patients(SGA-B group) about %TBF, LF,TF, total lymphocyte count. In addition to DEXA, we examined triceps skinfold thickness and mid-arm muscle area circumference. The result showed significant comparison between two groups, too. But albumin, cholesterol, potassium level was no statistical significant difference, except lymphcyte count. In conclusion, as suggested by above results, chronic renal failure patients has protein-calorie malnutrition. This nutritional status affects long-term survival of chronic renal failure patients. DEXA can give objective data accompanied with simple anthropometric measurement in nutriti onal status. Thus, we recommend DEXA as objective method of nutritional examination. In future, more precise method will be discovered, and that contribute more long-term survival of chronic renal failure patients.
Adipose Tissue ; Arm ; Body Height ; Cholesterol ; Equidae* ; Extremities ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Lymphocyte Count ; Malnutrition ; Mortality ; Nutritional Status ; Potassium ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition ; Skinfold Thickness

Uncontrolled infection quite often 1eads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. Despite advances in medical knowledge and technology, the mortality of patient with sepsis is still 35-60%, and even reach up to 50-90% in septic patients having acute renal failure. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics and predictive factors of progression to acute renal failure(ARF) in sepsis. We analyzed the bacteriologic and laboratory data of 54 admitted patients with SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) at Pusan National University Hospital from July 1997 to July 1999 (ARF 23 vs non-ARF 31). Multiple factor which may influence mortality and progression to AEK in sepsis, were evaluated and measured on admission day. The following of results, 1) Of the 54 patients, 23 were ARF group and 31 were non-ARF group. Mean age were, 52 years and 51 years. The mortality of ARF group and non-ARF group were 78% and 23%, Urine output, albumin, cholesterol, mean arterial blood pressure and evidence of underlying disease were not statistically different in each group. 2) Although the sources of sepsis could not identified in 9% (ARF), 23% (non-ARF), the others had the primary site of infections: gastrointestinal tract (35% vs 29%), lung (30% vs 19%), genitourinary tract(9% vs 13%), skin (17% vs 16%). 3) Although statistically not different, gram-positive bacterial infection was more common in ARF group (mainly staphylococcus aureus). Culture negative results were 4 patients (ARF), 1 patient (non-ARF). 4) APACHE III score in ARF group was higher than non-ARF group (48.1+/-16.5 vs 30.2+/-15.6). Liafio score in ARF group was higher than non-ARF group (39.1+/-13.0 vs 28.9+/-8.3). 5) APACHE III score and Liailo score in non-survivors were higher than survivors(APACHE III score: 48.6+/-15.3 vs 28.1+/-14.0, Liaho score:37.9+/-12.0 vs 29.4+/-9.2) 6) APACHE lII system was positively correlated with Liaho system (r=0.512, p=0.001). In conclusion, APACHE III system and Liaho system were significant predictors of progression to ARF and mortality in sepsis. In the future, prospective and multicenter studies are required to improve the method of treatment and the prognosis in sepsis.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; APACHE* ; Arterial Pressure ; Busan ; Cholesterol ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections ; Humans ; Lung ; Mortality ; Prognosis ; Sepsis* ; Skin ; Staphylococcus ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Acute focal bacterial nephritis is a part of urinary tract infection and a special form of acute pyelonephritis. In most cases, it is treated well by antimicrobial therapy without severe complications. Unusual cases have been reported that renal failure and or chronic granulomatous interstitial nephritis was combined with acute focal bacterial nephritis. We describe a case of acute reanl failure complicated by acute focal bacterial nephritis in 30-year-old male. He was admitted to this hospital owing to fever, chilling, right flank pain. On admission, BUN and creatinine were 29 mg/dl, 1.8 mg/dl. Urinalysis showed leukocyturia, & bactriuria. Urine culture revealed E. coli over us. Abdominal CT and ultrasonography was represented focal hypodense area and diffuse renal enlargement so we could diagnose acute focal bacterial nephritis. The patient was improved with antimicrobial therapy and hydration. In conclusion, this case shows the possibility that unusual complication such as acute reanl failure can be happensed in acute focal bacterial nephritis in continum with acute pyelonephritis
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Adult ; Creatinine ; Fever ; Flank Pain ; Humans ; Male ; Nephritis* ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Pyelonephritis ; Renal Insufficiency ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography ; Urinalysis ; Urinary Tract Infections

The authors report the case of a 25 year old woman with a chronic corticosteroid-refractory nephrotic syndrome complicated by myocardial infarction. The thromboembolism, especially acute myocardial infarction, is the most serious complication of nephrotic syndrome. Until now many mechanisms have been studied about thromboem bolism including coronary artery disease in nephrotic syndrome, but not clear. Hypercoagulability and prolonged hyperlipidemia are known as the principal contributing factors in this complication. In addition, use of steroid as therapeutic trial and hypovolemic state induced by vigorous diuretics will affect the thromboembolism, too. In this case, several coagulation abnormality and prolonged hyperlipidemia are observed. On admission day, this patient had deep vein thrombosis and then was complicated by pulmonary thromboembolism. Despite of anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy, she experienced acute myocardial infarction on fourth day after admission. After onset of myocardial infarction, by thrombolytics and prolonged anticoagulant therapy, this nephrotic patient was relieved and discharged without other serious complication. We recommend anticoagulant and antiplatelet agent therpy in risky patient of nephrotic syndrome. We present this case with review of literature.
Adult ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Diuretics ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypovolemia ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Nephrosis, Lipoid* ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Thromboembolism ; Thrombolytic Therapy ; Thrombophilia ; Venous Thrombosis