PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to survey the prevalence rate of cognitive impairments and to identify the factors influencing cognitive impairment in the elderly in rural communities of Jeju Province. METHODS: 590 elderly in 6 rural communities of Jeju Province were interviewed, using a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior, quality of life, and MMSE-K RESULTS: Prevalence of cognitive impairment was 33.1% (39.1% of females, 16.76% of males). Prevalence of dementia was 12.4% (16.3% of females, 2.87% of males). Factors related to cognitive impairment were age, sex, education, standard of living, employment status, and subjective health state. CONCLUSIONS: In community health care for the elderly, factors relating to cognitive impairment have to be considered. When planning community health care, priority should be given to the elderly; who need care but live alone; who lack social support; who have a low standard of living; who experience discomfort in the activities of daily living; who believe they are not in a good state of health; or whose life satisfaction is low.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an immune-mediated disease which is a leading cause of acquired cardiovascular disease in developed country. Recently, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blocker, infliximab has been considered a promising option for patients with refractory KD. Although chronic use of a TNF-alpha blocker could increase risk of opportunistic infections, a few studies have documented that use of infliximab was safe without serious adverse effects in patients with KD. We observed serious bacterial infection after infliximab treatment in an infant with refractory KD. Our patient was a 5-month-old male infant diagnosed with KD who did not respond to repeated doses of intravenous immunoglobulin. We effectively treated him with a single infusion of infliximab (5 mg/kg), but gram-negative (Acinetobacter lwoffii) septicemia developed after infliximab infusion. Therefore, we report a case of serious septicemia after treatment with infliximab, and suggest considering the risk of severe infection when deciding whether to prescribe infliximab to an infant with refractory KD.
Bacterial Infections ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Developed Countries ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Infant* ; Male ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Opportunistic Infections ; Sepsis* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Infliximab

No abstract available.
Bowen's Disease*

Following results were obtained from the light microscopic and stereomicroscopic observations of the breasts of rats treated with 9, 10-Dimethyl-1,2-Benzanthracene(DMBA). 1) Adenocarcinomas developed in 17 rats (24%) among 70 DMBA-treated rats. 2) Terminal and buds (TEB) were observed longer in DMBA-treated rats than in control group, but they finally disppeared 4 monthes after treatment. 3) Many hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN) developed in DMBA-treated rats. 4) There were no transitional lesions between TEB and adenocarcinoma or HAN and adenocarcinoma. 5) The number of lobules was decreased in DMBA-treated rats. On the other hand, terminal ducts were increased in number. These findings suggest that DMBA stimulate the regression of lobules and induce to form terminal ducts from which adenocarcinomas and HAN develop independently.
Rats ; Animals ; Adenocarcinoma ; Breast Neoplasms

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The cement-type abutment would be needed for the reduction of its body in order to correct the axis and to assure occlusal clearance. In the case of intraoral preparation, there is a potential risk that generated heat could be transmitted into the bone-implant interface, where it can cause deterioration of tissues around the implant and failed osseointegration. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the difference of the heat transmitting effect on external and internal connection implant types under various conditions. MATERIAL AND METHOD: For evaluating the effects of alternating temperature, the thermocoupling wires were attached on 3 areas of the implant fixture surface corresponding to the cervical, middle, and apex. The abutments were removed 1mm in depth horizontally with diamond burs and were polished for 30 seconds at low speed with silicone points using pressure as applied in routine clinical practice. Obtained data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and Wilcoxon / Kruskal-Wallis Tests. PESULT: Increased temperature on bone-implant interface was evident without air-water spray coolant both at high speed reduction and low speed polishing (p<.05). But, the difference between connection types was not shown. CONCLUSION: The reduction procedure of abutment without using proper coolant leads to serious damage of oral tissues around the implant irrespective of external and internal connection type.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Dental Instruments ; Hot Temperature ; Osseointegration ; Silicones

No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; Osteoporosis* ; Uterine Prolapse*

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disorder caused by a combination of insulin resistance and betacell dysfunction. The role of new hormones and systems in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis has recently been recognized. This recognition has led to the development of several novel classes of medications, including the incretin mimetic agents (glucagon like polypeptide-1 analogs and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors), the amylin analog and the endocannabinoid-1 receptor blocker. This review looks at these new agents in terms of their mode of action, pharmacokinetics and use in clinical practice. The new agents offer treatment options in select adult patients now, however, the efficacy and the safety has to be evaluated thoroughly by long term studies before the application to pediatric patients.
Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Glucagon-Like Peptides ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Incretins ; Insulin Resistance ; Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

Overgrowth syndromes comprise a diverse group of conditions with unique clinical, behavioral and molecular genetic features. While considerable overlap in presentation sometimes exists, advances in identification of the precise etiology of specific overgrowth disorders continue to improve clinicians' ability to make an accurate diagnosis. Among them, this paper introduces two classic genetic overgrowth syndromes: Sotos syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Historically, the diagnosis was based entirely on clinical findings. However, it is now understood that Sotos syndrome is caused by a variety of molecular genetic alterations resulting in haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene at chromosome 5q35 and that Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is caused by heterogeneous abnormalities in the imprinting of a number of growth regulatory genes within chromosome 11p15 in the majority of cases. Interestingly, the 11p15 imprinting region is also associated with Russell-Silver syndrome which is a typical growth retardation syndrome. Opposite epigenetic alterations in 11p15 result in opposite clinical features shown in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Russell-Silver syndrome. Although the exact functions of the causing genes have not yet been completely understood, these overgrowth syndromes can be good models to clarify the complex basis of human growth and help to develop better-directed therapies in the future.
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome* ; Epigenomics ; Genes, Regulator ; Genomic Imprinting ; Haploinsufficiency ; Humans ; Molecular Biology ; Silver-Russell Syndrome ; Sotos Syndrome*

Recent research has demonstrated that genetic alterations or variations contribute considerably to the development of congenital heart disease. Many kinds of genetic tests are commercially available, and more are currently under development. Congenital heart disease is frequently accompanied by genetic syndromes showing both cardiac and extra-cardiac anomalies. Congenital heart disease is the leading cause of birth defects, and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality during infancy and childhood. This review introduces common genetic syndromes showing various types of congenital heart disease, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. Although surgical techniques and perioperative care have improved substantially, patients with genetic syndromes may be at an increased risk of death or major complications associated with surgery. Therefore, risk management based on an accurate genetic diagnosis is necessary in order to effectively plan the surgical and medical management and follow-up for these patients. In addition, multidisciplinary approaches and care for the combined extra-cardiac anomalies may help to reduce mortality and morbidity accompanied with congenital heart disease.
22q11 Deletion Syndrome ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Diagnosis ; Down Syndrome ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Defects, Congenital* ; Humans ; Mortality ; Noonan Syndrome ; Perioperative Care ; Risk Management ; Turner Syndrome ; Williams Syndrome

Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures. It leads not only to secondary distortion of skull shape but to various complications including neurologic, ophthalmic and respiratory dysfunction. Craniosynostosis is very heterogeneous in terms of its causes, presentation, and management. Both environmental factors and genetic factors are associated with development of craniosynostosis. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis accounts for more than 70% of all cases. Syndromic craniosynostosis with a certain genetic cause is more likely to involve multiple sutures or bilateral coronal sutures. FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR1, TWIST1 and EFNB1 genes are major causative genes of genetic syndromes associated with craniosynostosis. Although most of syndromic craniosynostosis show autosomal dominant inheritance, approximately half of patients are de novo cases. Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Antley-Bixler syndrome are related to mutations in FGFR family (especially in FGFR2), and mutations in FGFRs can be overlapped between different syndromes. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, Muenke syndrome, and craniofrontonasal syndrome are representative disorders showing isolated coronal suture involvement. Compared to the other types of craniosynostosis, single gene mutations can be more frequently detected, in one-third of coronal synostosis patients. Molecular diagnosis can be helpful to provide adequate genetic counseling and guidance for patients with syndromic craniosynostosis.
Acrocephalosyndactylia ; Antley-Bixler Syndrome Phenotype ; Cranial Sutures ; Craniofacial Dysostosis ; Craniosynostoses* ; Diagnosis ; Genetic Counseling ; Humans ; Skull ; Sutures ; Synostosis ; Wills