Purpose: The aim of the study was to verify the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the General Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS-K) for nursing students. Methods: Data from 235 participants were collected from April 12 to April 26, 2022. A total of 230 participants’ data were analyzed. The data were analyzed for content, discriminant, known-groups, and construct validity using content validity index, correlation coefficient, and confirmatory factor analyses. The reliability of the GAAIS-K was examined using internal consistency and test-retest analyses. Results: The expert-rated content validity index was ≥.80. The sub-scales of the GAAIS-K were moderately correlated with attitude toward accepting technology, indicative of its discriminant validity. The male students’ positive attitude score was significantly higher than that of the female students, satisfying the known-groups validity. Cronbach’s α for the scale was .86 (positive) and .74 (negative), and the intra-class correlation coefficient for the two-week test-retest reliability was .86 (positive) and .60 (negative). The scores for positive and negative attitudes were 3.68±0.46 and 3.05±0.55. Conclusion This study shows that the GAAIS-K is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing nursing students. Additional research is recommended to continue the evaluation of the GAAIS-K with a focus on healthcare settings.

No abstract available.
Cause of Death* ; Fever* ; Humans

A 7-month-old boy was presented with growth retardation. The brain CT scan and the cerebral angiography revealed hydrocephalus resulting from venous hypertension and a high-flow direct arteriovenous fistula at the distal M2 segmnt of the middle cerebral artery which was drained into the sphenoparietal sinus. The echocardiogram disclosed a ventricular hypertrophy. The patient was treated by gradual ligation of fistulous portion in ten minutes to prevent sudden increase of peripheral resistance and cardiac overloading. It is stressed that slow obliteration of an arteriovenous fistula is a paramount procedure to prevent congestive heart failure.
Arteriovenous Fistula ; Brain ; Cerebral Angiography ; Fistula* ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy ; Infant ; Ligation ; Male ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vascular Resistance

No abstract available.
Cervix Uteri* ; Female ; Pregnancy*

No abstract available.
Acid-Base Equilibrium* ; Acidosis*

Reports of bowing and pseudarthrosis of the humerus and clavicle are rare. Most patients with congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicle involving the right side and midportion of clavicle tended to heal better than congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia. We experienced a patient who had special features in terms of location, pseudoarthrosis pattern, and neurofibromatosis, and report on this case here.
Clavicle* ; Humans ; Humerus ; Neurofibromatoses* ; Pseudarthrosis* ; Tibia

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Kidney Diseases* ; Kidney* ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant

OBJECTIVE: Albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) in a spot urine is replacing albumin excretion rate (AER) in 24 hour-collected urine as screening test for microalbuminuria because of simplicity and reliance. There are some controversies about the most relevant ACR value in detecting microalbuminuria. Most commonly recommended cut-off value is 30 mg/gm. Some recommends sex-specific ACR cut-off value: 17 mg/gm for men, 25 mg/gm for women. In this report, we evaluated diagnostic characteristics of ACR according to above different cut-off values and estimated most relevant ACR cut-off value for microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Urine was collected for 24hours for the measurement of microalbumin in type 2 diabetes who admitted in SNUH. The next day, first morning urine was obtained for microalbumin and creatinine concentration in patients with albumin excretion rate (AER) below 300 mg/day. RESULTS: 33% of total 156 patients had microalbuminuria. ACR correlated positively with AER. According to regression equations of AER and ACR, an AER of 30 mg/day corresponded to an ACR of 32 mg/gm. Positive and negative predictive values of ACR 30 mg/gm for microalbuminuria were 81% and 84% in men. In women, these were 80% and 86% respectively. Using recommended sex-specific ACR cutoff values, these were 52% and 94% in men, 68% and 91% in women. The most relevant ACR cutoff from receiver operating characteristics curve was 32 mg/gm in our study. CONCLUSION: Using ACR 30 mg/gm as cut-off values of microalbuminuria, positive and negative predictive value were above 80% in both men and women. In patients visiting SNUH, ACR 32 mg/gm may be more relevant in screening microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes.
Albuminuria ; Creatinine* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening* ; Proteinuria ; ROC Curve

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of chronic autoimmune diseases of which the central pathophysiologic derangement has not been yet established. Recently, it has been suggested that immune-regulatory cells might affect the development of autoimmune diseases such as SLE and RA. NKT cells were reported to be strong candidate for regulatory cells to regulate immune responses in vivo. To elucidate the roles of immune regulatory cells in the pathogenesis of SLE, we investigated the fractional distribution and functional status of NK and NKT cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of SLE patients and healthy volunteers. METHODS: Twenty-two SLE patients and 18 age-matched healthy volunteers were included in this study. The analysis for NK and NKT cells fraction in PBMCs of patients and normal controls were performed by flow cytometric analysis. In addition, to explore the functional status of these cells in SLE patients, we stimulated PBMCs using phorbol ester and ionomycin and measured cytoplasmic IL-4 and IFN-gamma by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The number (percentage) of NK cells was lower in SLE patients (CD3-CD56+: 4.93+/-1.30%, CD3-CD94+: 4.03+/-1.00%) than in controls (11.28+/-1.77%, 8.15+/-1.40%; p< 0.01, respectively). Peripheral NK cell numbers negatively correlated with anti-dsDNA Ab levels (r=-0.431, p< 0.05) and ESR (r= -0.475, p< 0.05). However, the percentage of these cells was not correlated with renal activity or corticosteroid doses. SLE patients showed, compared with controls, significantly decreased numbers of NKT cells (CD3+CD56+: 1.79+/-0.42% vs 5.04+/-0.44%, CD3+CD94+: 1.21+/-0.27% vs 4.39+/-0.45%; p< 0.01, respectively). The cytoplasmic expression of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in NK and NKT cells of SLE patients stimulated using phorbol ester and ionomycin were almost similar to those of normal controls, suggesting the NKT cells from SLE patients are functionally intact. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the decreased numbers of immune regulatory cells were associated with the immune dysregulation of SLE patients. The cellular replacement of NKT cells may be one of useful therapeutic approaches for autoimmune diseases such as SLE.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Cytoplasm ; Flow Cytometry ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Interleukin-4 ; Ionomycin ; Killer Cells, Natural* ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Natural Killer T-Cells

BACKGROUND: Patients survival after liver transplantation continue to improve, and renal dysfunction is not uncommon complication in the posttransplant setting and influences to prognosis. But this important complication has not been extensively evaluated in Korea. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of renal insufficiency and to identify the risk factors associated with renal insufficiency in long-term survivor over 6 months after liver transplantation at Seoul National University Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study was done of 62 adult (44 males, 18 females; mean age 45 years, range 16-64) patients surviving more than 6 months (mean 17 months, range 6-63) after liver transplantation in the period of November 1996 to July 2001. Renal function of patients was classified by estimated endogenous creatinine clearance using Cockcroft-Gault formula. Potential risk factors for renal insufficiency were investigated. In addition, in the cases of patient who received mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in reduced dosages for presumed CNI-induced nephrotoxicity, the change of renal function was analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The underlying diseases leading to transplantation included HBV-related cirrhosis in 43, hepatoma in 11, HCV-related cirrhosis in 2, alcoholic cirrhosis in 2, Wilson's disease in 1, and biliary atresia in 1 case (s). The immunosuppressive therapy included tacrolimus in 48 cases and cyclosporine in 14 cases combined with prednisolone. In all, 26 patients among study period, received MMF. Of all patients, 8 (13%) kept normal renal function (Ccr> or = 90), 27 (43.5%) developed mild dysfunction (60< or =Ccr< 90), 27 (43.5%) developed moderate dysfunction (30< or =Ccr< 60), and none of these patients developed severe renal dysfunction (Ccr< 30). Compared with control patients (Ccr> 60), renal dysfunction patients (Ccr< 60) had a lower preoperative creatinine clearance (p=0.007) and a lower 3-month creatinine clearance (p=0.032). But there were no differences seen among groups in age, sex, immunosuppresive protocol (tacrolimus vs. cyclosporine), mean tacrolimus serum level, developement of postoperative acute renal failure (ARF), and frequency of ARF among 6 months after transplantation. There was no statistically significant (p=0.057) but some recovery of renal function in the cases of patient who received MMF with low dose CNI. CONCLUSION: Patients who are more than 6 months after liver transplantation have renal dysfunction at a high rate (87%). Patients who develop moderate renal dysfunction have a lower preoperative and 3-month creatinine clearance. For renoprotective effect of MMF with reduced dosage of CNI, long-term randomized controlled studies are warranted.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Adult* ; Biliary Atresia ; Calcineurin ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Creatinine ; Cyclosporine ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Hepatolenticular Degeneration ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea ; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic ; Liver Transplantation* ; Liver* ; Male ; Prednisolone ; Prognosis ; Renal Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Seoul ; Survivors ; Tacrolimus