To determine the hepatitis B virus infection rate of medical school students and appropriate time for immunization with hepatitis B vaccine, 385 students in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades of Medical School of Kyungpook National University who had not been vaccinated and volunteered to participate in this study were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc with radioimmunoassay method (Abbortt Lab. kit). A questionnaire was administered to ask the history of transfusion, acupuncture and surgery. HBsAg positive students were retested 16 months after the initial test. Overall HBsAg positive rate was 6.8% and the age adjusted rate for male (7.2%) was higher than that for female (4.9%). Anti-HBs positive rate was 35.8% (36.1% for male, 37.9% for male) and anti-HBc positive rate was 45.5% (46.5% for male, 44.7% for femaleP. Overall hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection rats was 49.1% and the infection rate for male (50.3%) was slightly higher than that for female (46.5%). HBsAg positive rate and infection rate were increased as the grade increased but it was attributed to the age distribution of the students. HBsAg positive rate for 20 years old students was 1.7%; 21 years, 6.6%; 22 years, 6.1%; 23 years, 12.2%; and 24 years and older, 6.4%. HBV infection rate showed an increasing trend as age increased; 45.8% for 20 years, 41.5% for 21 years, 49.5% for 22 years, 55.5% for 23 years and 59.6% for 24 years and older. The age differences in HBsAg positive rates and HBV infection rates did not reach the statistical significance level of 0.05. However, these findings and similar age differences in HBsAg positive rates and HBV infection rates observed in other study suggest that there is a significant age differences. Study of the same age group in other schools and different social classes is warranted to confirm the age difference. Clarification of the reason for such differences would provide a clue to identify the major route of HBV transmission in this age group. Among 26 HBsAg positive students in the initial test, only one student was active hepatitis patient. Out of 24 students who had follow-up test after 16 months 22 students were positive for HBsAg and two students became HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive. It is obvious that nearly one-half of the medical school students were infected with HBV before 20 years of age and the HBV infection occurs in medical school. Thus, it is recommended to test all the students for HBV infection soon after the admission to the medical school and immunize all the susceptible students with hepatitis B vaccine and give booster as they start to practice at a hospital.
Acupuncture ; Age Distribution ; Animals ; Daegu* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Immunization ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; Schools, Medical* ; Social Class ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Hospice Care ; Hospices

No abstract available.
Cystitis* ; Pyelonephritis*

No abstract available.
Edema* ; Hydrops Fetalis*

No abstract available.
Priapism* ; Ureter*

Monitoring fetal movement serves as an indirect rneasure of fetal well-being, especially for central nervous system integrity and function. Methods to monitor fetal movement vary from the simple approach of having the mother chart perceived movement to highly specialized methods. However there were no reliable objective monitoring methods in Korea. For development of objective method for evaluating fetal movement, during pregnancy, one-hundred and two pregnant patients were entered to this study. All patients were divided into following 3 groups and each type of monitoring methods were applied. Group 1(N=20): Type I using portable FHR Doppler unit(IFD-100 model, Intermed, Korea). Group 2(N=20): Type II using FHR Microphone(Prenatal Listening Kit, Model FS002, Unisar Inc., US). Group 3(N=62): Type III using conventional ultrasound transducer(Corometric 115 Model, US). In this study, accurate counting of the fetal movementutus were best performed using Type III, because of monitoring fetal movements has its greatest efficiency when using conventional ultrasound transducer of fetal monitor. It was also attractive to doctors and nurses as a convenient methods because it needed only single transducer when compared to Type I and II. Although monitoring fetal body movement permits a general assessment of well-being, no perfect technique is still reliable. Futher techniques would be developed using the results of this study for improvement of several factors such as accuracy and objectiveness
Central Nervous System ; Fetal Monitoring ; Fetal Movement* ; Humans ; Korea ; Mothers ; Pregnancy* ; Transducers ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Surgical closure of the PDA in premature infants with complications or contraindications to indomethacin use, or recurrence of symptomatic PDA is a safe and effective procedure with low operative risk and minimal complications. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From April 1996 to August 1998, 11 premature infants with body weight under 1.5 kg at operation underwent operation for a symptomatic PDA (male:5, female: 6). Associated dise ases were congenital heart disease(7), hyaline membrane disease(6), intraventricular hemor rhage(4), pneumonia(4), pneumothorax(3), hyperbilirubinemia(2), necrotizing enterocolitis(2), renal failure(1), epilepsy(1), and hydrocephalus(1). Surgical techniques are hemoclipping(8) and ligation(3). The size of PDA was 3~6 mm (5.0+/-1.2). RESULT: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure rised and heart rates decreased after PDA closure. ABGA improved postoperatively. There were no surgical complications. Six infants with improved ABGA data were weaned from mechanical ventilatory support. The follow-up durations after discharge were 3 month to 12 month. Five deaths were not related to operation. The causes of death were hyaline membrane disease(2), bronchopulmonary dysplasia with pneumonia(1), sepsis(1), and con gestive heart failure with respiratory distress syndrome(1). CONCLUSION: Early operative closure is the treatment of choice in most premature infants with a hemodynamically significant shunt(PDA), recurrence of symptomatic PDA, complications of Indomethacin, or contraindi cations to Indomethacin.
Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Cations ; Cause of Death ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hyalin ; Indomethacin ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Membranes ; Recurrence

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether magnetically and electrically evoked blink reflexes show the same characteristics in both normal and pathologic conditions, whether the magnetic stimulation technique is more beneficial than the electrical stimulation technique, and whether the magnetic stimulation can therefore replace the conventional electrical stimulation. The blink reflex of 52 healthy persons(19 males, mean age 41.7) and 48 patients with pathologic conditions of facial and trigeminal nerves were investigated using magnetic and electrical stimulation. The shortest latencies of Rl, R2 and R2c (contralateral R2) following magnetic and electrical simulation were not different significantly in both control and patient group. The amplitude and duration had marked intersubject and intrasubject variabilities with both stimulation techniques. 91 of 100 subjects(91%) preferred magnetic stimulation to electrical stimulation. They stated that magnetic stimulation was less painful and more comfortable due to lack of the direct skin contact which was indispensable to the electrical stimulation. They said that mild dull pain and thick-witted sound with magnetic stimulation were unpleasant. Our study showed that the magnetically elicited blink reflex is of the same diagnostic values to the electrically elicited blink reflex. The magnetic stimulation has the advantage of causing less pain and easiness for the examiner to apply to evoke the blink reflex. Therefore, the blink reflex with magnetic stimulation fan replace the electrically elicited blink reflex.
Blinking* ; Electric Stimulation ; Humans ; Male ; Skin ; Trigeminal Nerve

No abstract available.
Anemia, Pernicious* ; Osteoporosis*

Acute renal failure(ARF) usually has more than one cause and almost always includes an ischemic or nephrotoxic component to varying degrees. Regeneration and repair appear to be modulated by circulating and locally produced growth factors including insulin-like growth factors(IGFs). This study examined the change of serum and renal IGF-IGFBP axis in uremic rat by using IGF-I radioimmunoassay, Western ligand blot, immunohistochemical study and Northern blot analysis. Sera and kidney samples were obtained before and after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days of 45 minutes bilateral renal pedicle clamping. The results were as follows. 1) Following bilateral renal pedicle clamping, rats lost their weight, reaching a maximum after 3 days of ischemic injury. On day 10 uremic rats were still below their starting weights. 2) Following acute ischemic renal injury, serum creatinine rose, reaching a maximum after 3 days. By the 10th day serum creatinine levels had fallen to normal values. 3) Serum IGF-I concentration after 1 day following ischemic injury was significantly decreased compared to preischemic value. However the decreased level was returned to normal value after 3 days of ischemic injury. 4) The alteration of serum IGFBP profiles was observed in uremic rat. The 37-45 kDa sized IGFBP (probably IGFBP-3) was increased after 3 days of ischemic renal injury and continued until 10 days of ischemic injury. Another 28 kDa sized IGFBP also increased after 3 days of ischemic injury. 5) In preischemic kidney, immunoreactive IGF-I were primarily present in cortical tubule. However, IGF-I was markedly decreased on day 3 uremic rat. 6) IGFBP-3 and -7 mRNA in uremic kidney were temporally decreased on day 1 but increased to normal or higher levels after 3 days of ischemic renal injury. IGFBP-1 and -4 mRNA were markedly increased after 1 day and maintained high levels until 5 days(IGFBP-1) and 14 days(IGFBP-4) of ischemic renal injury. These findings suggest that IGF-IGFBP axis may involve in the pathogenesis or the recovery from acute renal failure.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Animals ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Blotting, Northern ; Constriction ; Creatinine ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins* ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Kidney ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats* ; Reference Values ; Regeneration ; RNA, Messenger ; Weights and Measures