No abstract available.
Embryo Transfer* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Fertilization in Vitro*

No abstract available.
Oocytes* ; Pregnancy* ; Spermatozoa*

The discovery of the mirror neuron system (MNS) is one of the most important neuroscientific achievements in the 20th century. Some researchers had reported that MNS dysfunction was discovered in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Finally, the 'broken mirror' theory of ASD was announced in the mid 2000's. According to this theory, ASD cannot simulate the mind and behavior of others due to MNS dysfunction; therefore, they cannot imitate the behaviors and empathized with the mind of others. However, ASD does not always show imitation problems. The researchers who have criticized the 'broken mirror' theory proposed the 'social top-down response modulation (STORM)' theory. On STORM theory, the medial prefrontal cortex or temporoparietal junction, brain areas related with mentalising, might modulate MNS according to social context. We compared the strengths and weaknesses of each theory.
Autistic Disorder* ; Brain ; Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Mirror Neurons* ; Prefrontal Cortex

No abstract available.
Intestinal Atresia*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Pyloric Stenosis*

OBJECT: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of pentoxifylline on in vitro fertillization and developmen of preimplantation stage of mouse embryos. MATERIAL AND METHODS:F1 hybrid mice was superovulated with PMSG/hCG and mouse oocytes were recruited. After the normal sperms were incubated with PTX before in vitro fertilization, it was observed whether the fertilization and embryo development was affected or not by the sperm preparation(washing, dilution and no washing or no dilution). And after 1-cell and 2-cell stage of mouse embryos were incubated with PTX, the development to hatching blastocyst was also observed. RESULTS: When in vitro fertilization was revealed by using the washed normal sperms after 0, 3.6 and 7.2 mM PTX incubation, the fertilization rates were 92.5%, 48.8%, 36.8%, respectively. So 3.6 and 7.2 mM groups presented significantly low fertilizatin rate, but the development rates were 93.9%, 85.0%, 95.2%, respectively. Therefore, there were no significant difference between each group. When in vitro fertilization was revealed by using the diluted normal sperms after 0, 3.6, and 7.2 mM PTX incubation, the fertilization rates were 58.6%, 5.4%, 9.4%, respectively. So 3.6 and 7.2 mM groups presented significantly low fertilization rate. The developmental rates were 88.2%, 100%, 100%. And there were no significant difference between each group. When in vitro fertilization was revealed by using the not washed and not diluted normal sperms after 0, 3.6 and 7.2 mM PTX incubation, the fertilizatin rates were 61.2%, 5.7%, 3.8%, respectively. 3.6 and 7.2 mM group presented significantly low fertilization rate. The development rates were 73.3%, 0%, 0%, respectively. So 3.6, 7.2 mM group presented significantly low developmental rate. After 1-cell stage of mouse embryos were incubated in 0, 5, 10, 50 nM of PTX, the development rates were not significantly different among them. After 2-cell stage of mouse embryos were incubated in 0, 5, 10, 50 nM of PTX, the development rates were not significantly different among them. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, when PTX is used in in vitro fertilization program with normal sperms, it may affect the fertilization and embryo development in high concentration. And if PTX concentration is very low, the developmental rate would not be affected. So PTX must not be used to normal sperms and where use of PTX is indicated, it is recommended that remainder PTX must be removed as completely as possible.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Fertilization ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Mice* ; Oocytes ; Pentoxifylline* ; Pregnancy ; Spermatozoa*

No abstract available.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Diagnostic Errors* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms*

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate the clinical effect and safety of risperidone during the treatment of schizophrenia for 12 weeks. METHODS: In the FuturCare 99 Project which had been organized by JanssenKorea for the purpose of improving the quality of management of patients treated with risperidone, 714 schizophrenic patients from 32 institutes including general hospitals and private clinics were recruited. The clinical effects and extrapyramidal symptoms at 8-week and 12-week during the treatment with risperidone were evaluated using CGI, Modified Psychosis Symptom Evaluation and Extrapyramidal Symptom Legend. The associations between clinical responses and the sociodemographic and clinical informations were explored. RESULTS: Most of symptoms assessed by Modified Psychosis Symptom Evaluation and CGI were significantly improved at 8-week and 12-week trial of risperidone. And the extrapyramidal symptoms were on the decrease during the treatment with risperidone. Moreover, there was no difference in the dosage of risperidone between at 8 weeks (4.3+/-2.1 mg) and at 12 weeks (4.4+/-2.3 mg). When the patients were divided into 3 groups by the clinical responses of CGI at 12 week of risperidone treatment, clincal characteristics such as age, duration of illness, auditory hallucination, erotic delusion, lack of motivation, disorientation, and memory problem were significantly different among groups. CONCLUSION: his multicenter open study shows that risperidone has good clinical effect and safety in the treatment of schizophrenia with the daily average doses of 4.3-4.4 mg. The multicenter open study about the long-term treatment of risperidone in schizophrenia would be needed.
Academies and Institutes ; Delusions ; Hallucinations ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Memory ; Motivation ; Psychotic Disorders ; Risperidone* ; Schizophrenia ; Symptom Assessment

No abstract available.
Marfan Syndrome*