Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficient activity of α-galactosidase (α-Gal A), affecting multiple organs including kidney. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of FD in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) including those on renal replacement therapy in Korea. Methods: This is a national, multicenter, observational study performed between August 24, 2017 and February 28, 2020. Patients with the presence of proteinuria or treated on dialysis were screened by measuring the α-Gal A enzyme activity using either dried blood spot or whole blood, and plasma globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-GL3) concentration. A GLA gene analysis was performed in patients with low α-Gal A enzyme activity or increased plasma lyso-GL3 concentration. Results: Of 897 screened patients, 405 (45.2%) were male and 279 (31.1%) were on dialysis. The α-Gal A enzyme activity was measured in 891 patients (99.3%), and plasma lyso-GL3 concentration was measured in all patients. Ten patients were eligible for a GLA gene analysis: eight with low α-Gal A enzyme activity and two with increased plasma lyso-GL3 concentration. The GLA mutations were analyzed in nine patients and one patient was found with a pathogenic mutation. Therefore, one patient was identified with FD, giving a prevalence of 0.1% (1 of 897) in this CKD population. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of FD in the CKD population was low (0.1%), screening tests are crucial to detect potential diseases in patients with relatives who can benefit from early treatment.

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation of the strain elasticity of breast cancer with histologic features, immunohistochemical markers and molecular subtypes that are known to be factors related to prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: B-mode ultrasound and strain elastography were performed in 123 patients (mean age, 53.4; range, 28–82) with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (mean size, 1.54 cm; range, 0.4–7.0 cm). Histologic grade, lymph node (LN) status, lymphovascular invasion, immunohistochemical biomarkers [estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), CK5/6, epidermal growth factor receptor, and Ki-67] and molecular subtypes were determined from surgical pathology reports. The relationships between these factors and elasticity scores were evaluated. RESULTS: LN involvement was associated with a higher elasticity score which was statistically significant (p = 0.042). The tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, histologic grades, immunohistochemical markers and molecular subtypes had no significant correlation with the elasticity score (p > 0.05 for all). However, the IDCs with larger size and a positive lymphovascular invasion tended to have higher elasticity scores. Furthermore, higher histologic grade cancers and the HER2 overexpression-type tended to have lower elasticity scores. CONCLUSION The elasticity score of IDC had a significant correlation with LN involvement but no statistically significant correlation with the histologic features, immunohistochemical markers or molecular subtypes.

IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and characterized by deposition of IgA in glomerular mesangial area. Chronic urate nephropathy is characterized by precipitation of uric acid crystals in the collecting ducts and medullary interstitium. We report a case of IgA nephropathy associated with chronic urate nephropathy. A 57 year old man underwent percutaneous renal biopsy for gross hematuria, generalized edema and renal failure. Renal biopsy showed typical findings of IgA nephropathy: increased mesangial matrix, cellular proliferation and positive staining of IgA. In addition, crystalline deposits of uric acid, which is typical of chronic urate nephropathy, were seen in the medullary interstitium.
Biopsy ; Cell Proliferation ; Crystallins ; Edema ; Glomerulonephritis ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; Hematuria ; Immunoglobulin A ; Renal Insufficiency ; Uric Acid

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The correlation of anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) vascular loop around cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and otologic symptoms remains controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the anatomical type of AICA loop and otologic symptoms according to the findings of 3-dimensional Fourier transformation constructive interference in steady state (3DFT-CISS) MRI. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: 316 ears from 165 patients were included in this study. Otologic symptoms and the results of pure tone audiometry, auditory evoked potential, and electronystagmography were checked by retrospective chart review. AICA loops were classified by its configuration on 3DFT-CISS MRI. According to their extension depth in internal auditory canal (IAC), the loops were classified as type I (lying within CPA), type II (from porus acusticus to 50% of the length of IAC), and type III (extending beyond 50% of IAC). In addition, the loops were classified as S (small) and L (large) by comparing the thickness of the loop with adjacent facial nerve. RESULTS: The predominant type of AICA loop was type I (62.0%) and type S (72.8%). Ears with type III loop presented significantly higher rate of hearing impairment than those with type I or II. There were no significant differences in pure tone threshold, hearing loss in 3 consecutive frequencies, canal paresis, and AEP latencies among 3 AICA types classified with the depth of the loop. Ears with type S AICA loop showed significantly higher rate of hearing impairment, elevated threshold, hearing loss in 3 consecutive frequencies, and canal paresis than those with type L loop. CONCLUSION: The small diameter of AICA loop had significant association with hearing impairment and otologic test abnormalities. Impaired blood flow through the vascular loop and resultant hypoperfusion of inner ear may be the pathophysiologic mechanism of vestibulocochlear nerve compression syndrome.
Arteries* ; Audiometry ; Cerebellopontine Angle ; Ear ; Ear, Inner ; Electronystagmography ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Facial Nerve ; Fourier Analysis ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Nerve Compression Syndromes ; Paresis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tinnitus ; Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency, including Kallmann's syndrome (KS) and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), is a congenital disorder, which is characterized by a functional deficit in hypothalamic GnRH secretion. Despite recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the X-linked form of KS as the identification of the KAL gene (Xp22.3), the genetic basis of the sporadic form in female patients remains unclear. Although most searches for mutations in X chromosome have been reported in males, the newly recognized phenomenon of inheritance, such as genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy, raises the possibility of a female phenotype in the X- linked genetic defect. Here, the molecular study of the coding region of the KAL gene (exon 5 to 14) in 10 unrelated females with KS (n=6) or IHH (n=4) is reported. None of the subjects had familial histories of delayed puberty or hypogonadism. Samples from 4 healthy, unrelated female volunteers were used for identification of polymorphisms. PCR of the 10 exons of the KAL gene was performed on genomic DNA. The PCR products of the 10 exons were subject to single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to identify possible mutations. In an SSCP analysis of the amplified fragments (fragment size: 147 to 302bp), no mutations or polymorphisms were found in any of the 10 patients and 4 controls. In conclusion, it is unlikely that KAL gene mutations are a clinically significant cause of sporadic GnRH deficiency in female patients, indicating the existence of defects in unidentified genes that result in the expression of the phenotypes in females.
Adolescent ; Adult ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*genetics ; Female ; Gonadorelin/*deficiency ; Human ; Kallmann Syndrome/*genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't