The authors studied anxiety, using Zung's self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), in the subjects of 127 male and 38 female patients with anxiety disorder. The authors investigated 165 patients in Yeungnam university hospital from January, 1987 to June, 1991. In order to analyze the data on anxiety scores Pearson's product moment coefficient correlation method and factor analysis were carried out by SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total anxiety scores among patients with anxiety disorder and male and female college freshmen: patients with anxiety disorder scored 42.40±7.74, male students scored 32.91±5.70, female students scored 34.48±6.00. The anxiety scores relating to the items of body aches & pains, fatigue, anxiousness, panic and urinary frequency were relatively high in patients with anxiety disorder. The anxiety scores on the items of restlessness, apprehension, dyspnea, sweating, and insomnia were relatively low in patients with anxiety disorder. Twenty-nine anxiety disorder group (17.5%) showed significantly high anxiety scores of 50 or over. The inter-rater reliability of Zung's self-rating anxiety scale was 0.71.
Anxiety Disorders* ; Anxiety* ; Dyspnea ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Panic ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sweat ; Sweating

In 1988, a new fascioutaneous flap, the Lateral supramalleolar flap, was introduced by Masquelet and Roman. The flap is designed on the lower third of the aspect of leg, and supplied by a cutaneous branch from the perforating branch of the peroneal artery. This perforating branch continues distally deep to the fascia along the anterior ankle and into the foot. This can be use as either proximally based rotation flap or distally based reversed pedicle island flap giving the flap an arc of rotation that allows coverage of the dorsal, lateral and plantar aspects of the foot, the posterior heel and the lower medial portion of the leg. The authors have recently used this flap for 13 cases of foot and ankle soft tissue defect reconstruction and all the cases, except two partial marginal necrosis, good postoperative course. In our opinion, this flap is useful for reconstruction of foot and ankle soft tissue defect which does not need nerve innervation. The main advantages of the flap are as follows 1. It may be a rather large flap(15×9cm2 ). 2. The pedicle is long(8cm) and easy to dissect. 3. The pivot of the pedicle is distal(sinus tarsi) and allows great local possibilities of coverage. 4. It does not require the sacrifice of a main artery.
Ankle ; Arteries ; Fascia ; Foot ; Heel ; Leg ; Necrosis ; Osteotomy ; Tibia

Familial benign chronic pemphigua is a rare disease characterized by a localized recurrent eruption of grouped vesicles and exudative lesions involving the neck, groin, axillae and intertriginous areas. There are no systemic manifestations but chronicity and pruritic lesions creates a significant social and psychological handicap to those afflicted. We presented a case of familial benign chronic pemphigus in a 39 years old man He has had recurrent vesicles, fissures and crust formation in inguinal area for 10 years. Light microscopic findings showed suprabasal vesiculation with acantholysis and villi formation. And electron-microscopic findings showed as follows: Bizzare microvilli changes with widened intercellular spaces, followed by loss of desmosome and complete acantholysis. Tonofilament-desmosome complex is disrupted. Many of acantholytic cells are associated with abnormal keratinization which is repreaented by perinuclear thickened bundles of tonofilament arranged in whorls or lumps. Authors diagnosed with clinical symptoms, light and electron-microscopic findings as Hailey-Hailey disease. The lesions were improved by systemic antibiotics and steroid with cold soaking.
Acantholysis ; Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Axilla ; Desmosomes ; Extracellular Space ; Groin ; Humans ; Intermediate Filaments ; Microvilli ; Neck ; Pemphigus, Benign Familial* ; Rare Diseases

The authors studied on anxiety, using Zung's self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), on the subjects of 329 men and 522 women of 60 years old and older. This study was carried out for 8 months from November 1983 to June 1984 in the area of Seoul, Taegu and Kyungsan Gun, Kungpook province. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the means of total anxiety scores between the two groups of men and women. The anxiety scores in items of sweating, apprehension, dyspnea, restlessness and insomnia were relatively high in both groups. The scores of faintness, panic, fear, tremor and facial flushing were low in both groups. Among 329 men, 48 (14.6%) showed rather serious anxiety level of score 50 or higher, while 153 of 522 women (29.4%) showed the same score. Among these psychosocial factors, supporter, living, place, religion and security system are significantly related with anxiety scores in both groups (p<0.01).
Anxiety* ; Daegu ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Flushing ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health* ; Panic ; Psychology ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Seoul ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Tremor

Using Zung's self-rating depression scale, the authors studied depression in 310 elderlies residing in the 9 home for the aged (HFA) in Kyungbuk area, and 234 elderlies living in Taegu city and 107 elderlies attending a Life-long education program in Taegu, which serve as a control group, Community resident elderlies (CRE). The research had been administered during the period from June to August, 1986. The results were as follows: 1. The mean scores of male, female, and the total of the elderlies in HFA were 38.95±11.55, 44.18±14.15, and 42.8±13.7 respectively while CRE marked 40.8±11.3 for male, 45.2±12.0 for female, and 43.4±11.9 for the total. Therefore there were significant differences between male and female in both groups (<0.01, p<0.001), though no significant difference between the two groups. However, the depression score of elderlies in HFA might be much higher than that of CRE if 81 elderlies (14.2%) in HFA who had been left out of the statistical evaluation due to their having severe depression, organic brain syndrome, or pseudoementia, etc had been included. 2. The score distribution by items for the elderlies in HFA were from highest scores hopelessness, worthlessness, emptiness, decreased appetite, confusion, while for CRE, hopelessness, decreased appetite, psychomotor retardation, indecisiveness, and worthlessness, Elderlies in HFA showed significantly high scores in depressed mood, weight loss, suicidal rumination (ideation) and psychomotor excitement, while CRE showed significantly high scores in decreased appetite, psychomotor retardation, indecisiveness, and dissatisfaction. 3. Elderlies who scored over 50 numbered 10 males (16%), 57 females (34%), and total of 67 (29%) in HFA and 28 male (21%), 77 females (37%), and total of 105 (31%) in CRE: female showed higher seores in both groups. 4. Psychococial factors such as getting older (respectively p<0.01, p<0.01), being Buddhist (respectively p<0.01, p<0.01), and monthly pocket money less than ₩30,000 (respectively p<0.001, p<0.001) were found to have a noticeable impact on the depression level of the elderlies in both groups. Factors such as illiteracy (p<0.001), monthly pocket money less than ₩10,000 (p<0.05), and having no family (p<0.01) recorded significantly higher scores among CRE than the elderlies in HFA.
Appetite ; Brain ; Daegu ; Depression* ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Literacy ; Male ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Weight Loss

This study was intended to analyze the relation between the psychic traumatic experience and the psychological health of the aged. The authors carried out this study by means of the combined anxiety-depression scale (CADS) and the preadolescence traumatic experience scale (PTES) with 278 aged men and women residing in Taegu from September to October 1988. The results were as follows: 1. Based on the scores evaluated by CADS, the scores of the both groups showed that comparative group was accounted for 40.15±6.19, while the experimental group for 57.75±6.37, which showed significantly higher score in the experimental group (p<0.001). 2. The experimental group showed significantly higher early experience score than the comparative group in the dietary difficulty, alcoholism among family members, disunion between husband and wife, trouble between mother and children, early mother loss, parent's indifference and unwanted birth (p<0.001). 3. The experimental group showed higher early experience score than the comparative group by sex, age, marital status and grown location (p<0.001). 4. When the subjects were included in the unemployed and in the middle or low classes and their parents were engaged in agriculture and commercial business and believing in buddhism or no-religion, showed higher experience score (p<0.001).
Aged* ; Agriculture ; Alcoholism ; Buddhism ; Child ; Child, Unwanted ; Commerce ; Daegu ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Marital Status ; Mental Health* ; Mothers ; Parents ; Spouses

The authors studied paranoid ideation and obsession, using Derogatis' SCL-90, in the subjects of 2,564 male and 1,252 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of Self-Rating Paranoid ideation and Obsession Scale during the periods from January to February, 1987, and applied ANOVA and t-test on paranoid ideation and obsession scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: 1. There was not significant difference in the mean averages of total paranoid ideation scores between male and female students: male students scored 4.16±3.09, female students scored 4.16±2.91. 2. High scored items were delusion and suspiciousness. 3. Fifty-nine male students (2.3%) showed high paranoid ideation scores of 12 or higher, while twenty-six female students (2.1%) showed the same scores. 4. There was strong tendency toward higher paranoid ideation scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic view of self in the past, present or future in both group (respectively P<0.001). The male students who believed protestantism showed higher level of paranoid ideation scores (P<0.01). The male students who attended the department of fine art showed higher level of paranoid ideation scores (P<0.05). 5. There was significant difference in the mean averages of total obsession scores between male and female students (P<0.05): male students scored 10.40±5.43, female students scored 10.75±5.02 6. High scored items were perfectionism, indecisiveness, inattention & obsessive thoughts. 7. Thirty-eight male students (1.6%) showed high obsession scores of 25 or higher, while fifteen female students (1.2%) showed the same scores. 8. There was strong tendency toward higher obsession scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic view of self in the past, present, or future in both group (respectively P<0.001). The female students who attended the department of home economic & whose educational fees were paid by her brothers & sister, showed higher level of obsession scores (respectively P<0.01).
Atmosphere ; Delusions ; Fees and Charges ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obsessive Behavior* ; Parents ; Protestantism ; Psychology ; Recognition (Psychology) ; Siblings

The authors studied the mental health status of the 1989 freshmen of Yeungnam University using the psychotic scale of Derogatis SCL0-90, Zung anxiety and depression scale and MMPI from January 1988 to February 1988. The subjects of this study were contained 3792 students (1206 female, 2586 male). 392 students (10.3%), out of all respondents were screened to fall on high score ranges. The authors performed a second test to 156(39.8% 47 female (30.1%), 109 male (69.9%) of the high-scored in order to clarify their mental health status and analyze various psychosocial factors; using MMPI. The MMPI results were categorized with Lachar's classification. The results were as follows: 1. By the MMPI scores, 24 respondents (15.4%) had neurotic trends, 20 (12.8%) had psychotic trends and 7 (4.5%) had trends of behavior disorder. It was about 1.4% of all 3792 freshmen. 2. On the close examination of the MMPI, 8 respondents were diagnosed for affect disorder, 6 for anxiety disorder, 9 for schizophrenia and 3 for personality disorder. It was 0.7% of all freshmen. 3. One the analysis of the psychosocial factors, the schizophrenic scores were high in the case of unsatisfy in family atmosphere, unsatisfy in marital intimacy of parents, serious in conflicts between father and I, and serious in conflicts between mother and I. 4. The hypochondriacal scores were high in the case of weak in physical condition, having hospitalization experience and physical illness.
Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Atmosphere ; Classification ; Depression ; Fathers ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; MMPI* ; Mothers ; Parents ; Personality Disorders ; Psychology ; Schizophrenia ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of end stage renal disease in many countries, is pathologically characterized by glomerular and tubular hypertrophy, extracellular matrix accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and podocytopenia associated with foot process effacement, which eventually results in glomerulosclerosis and tubular atrophy. The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy comprises both metabolic and hemodynamic factors related to diabetes. Hemodynamic factors include intraglomerular hypertension which is associated with the activation of both systemic and local renin-angiotensin system. Hyperglycemia per se, advanced glycation end-products and glucose-dependent aldose reductase pathways, as metabolic factors, is also known to contribute to the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. All of these factors induce various cytokines and activate intracellular signal transduction pathways such as protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase, ultimately leading to diabetic nephropathy.
Aldehyde Reductase ; Atrophy ; Cytokines ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Extracellular Matrix ; Foot ; Hemodynamics ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Protein Kinase C ; Protein Kinases ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Signal Transduction

Diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of end stage renal disease in many countries, is pathologically characterized by glomerular and tubular hypertrophy, extracellular matrix accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and podocytopenia associated with foot process effacement, which eventually results in glomerulosclerosis and tubular atrophy. The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy comprises both metabolic and hemodynamic factors related to diabetes. Hemodynamic factors include intraglomerular hypertension which is associated with the activation of both systemic and local renin-angiotensin system. Hyperglycemia per se, advanced glycation end-products and glucose-dependent aldose reductase pathways, as metabolic factors, is also known to contribute to the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. All of these factors induce various cytokines and activate intracellular signal transduction pathways such as protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase, ultimately leading to diabetic nephropathy.
Aldehyde Reductase ; Atrophy ; Cytokines ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Extracellular Matrix ; Foot ; Hemodynamics ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Protein Kinase C ; Protein Kinases ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Signal Transduction