The pathogenetic mechanism of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is not known. Some authors suggest glomerular hypertrophy may precede the development of FSGS in patients with minimal lesion. It was recently reported that the size of nonsclerotic glomeruli in adults with FSGS is significantly larger than that of cases with minimal lesion. It is not clear whether glomerular hypertrophy observed in adults with FSGS is also seen in children with FSGS. Thus, we have analyzed 37 renal biopsies from children with FSGS by morphometry and the data were compared with 37 renal biopsies from age- and sex-matched patients with minimal lesion. The number of glomeruli submitted for morphometric analysis was 22.6+/-14.2 in cases with FSGS and 30.9+/-11.4 in cases with minimal lesion. Mean glomerular volume (MGV) in FSGS group was significantly larger than that of minimal lesion [(13.1+/-3.9) x10(5) microm3 vs. (10.1+/-1.9) x10(5) microm3, p<0.001]. The relative interstitial volume of renal cortex in patients with FSGS was significantly larger than that of minimal lesion [(0.106+/-0.051) microm3/microm3 vs. (0.029+/-0.012) microm3/microm3, p<0.0001]. In FSGS, the percentage of glomeruli with FSGS was significantly correlated with relative interstitial volume of renal cortex (r=0.79, p<0.0001). As is the case for adult FSGS, MGV of children with FSGS is significantly larger than that of minimal lesion. Thus, the presence of glomerular hypertrophy observed in biopsies with minimal lesion nephropathy seems to be an indication that the coexistent FSGS lesions are undetected due to sampling problems.
Child ; Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Biopsy

No abstract available.
Humans ; Pregnancy* ; Ultrasonography*

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of bladder training on self voiding after removal of catheter in female patients with craniotomy, finally to develop a bladder rehabilitation program for cognitive impaired patients. Nonequivalent control group posttest design was used. The population of this study consisted of 34 hospitalized neurosurgical patients, all patients have been received craniotomy. 17 patients were assigned to the experimental group and another 17 patients to the control group. The homogeneity of general characteristics of the subjects was no significant difference. Bladder training program consisted of pre-training education, the bladder training, positive verbal reinforcement. The experimental group has been received bladder training and the control group has been received gravity drainage. The dependent variables, the frequency of voiding trial untill self voiding achieves, the frequency of urinary retention, the amount of residual urine, the occurrence of urinary incontinence, were measured during 3 days after catheter removed. The data analyzed with SPSSWIN : frequency, percentage, t-test and chi-test were used to analyze homogeneity of general characteristics of subjects between the experimental and the control group. T-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-test were used to determine the effect of bladder training. The results of the study were as follows : There was significant difference in the frequency of voiding trial untill self voiding achieves between the experimental group and the control group. There was no significant difference in the frequency of urinary retention between the experimental group and the control group. There was no significant difference in the amount of residual urine between the experimental group and the control group. However, there was significant difference in the amount of residual urine in urinary retention patients. There was significant difference in the occurrence of urinary incontinence between the experimental group and the control group. In conclusion, bladder training program as a nursing intervention was effective in increasing self voiding ability after removal of catheter for craniotomy patients. Therefore, it is recommended to use the bladder training program clinically for the bladder management of cognitive impaired patients.
Catheters* ; Craniotomy* ; Drainage ; Education ; Female* ; Gravitation ; Humans ; Nursing ; Rehabilitation ; Reinforcement, Verbal ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urinary Retention

No abstract available.
Animals ; Evoked Potentials, Motor* ; Rats* ; Spinal Cord*

No Abstract Available.
Catalase* ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

PURPOSE:Cardiovascular morbidity has recently been demonstrated to potentially reduce life expectancy in growth hormone deficiency(GHD). The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular abnormalities and atherosclerotic changes in adults with childhood-onset GHD in whom GH treatment had been stopped at the achievement of final height. METHODS:Nine patients with childhood-onset GHD(7 idiopathic and 2 organic), with an age of 24.0+/-.0 year, were studied. Clinical characteristics of subjects were determined and blood pressure, body mass index(BMI), and serum concentrations of lipids were measured. Structural and functional evaluation of cardiovascular system was performed by M-mode echocardiography and linear phase array imaging transducer. RESULTS:BMI of patients was 27.3+/-.7 mg/m2, and four patients(44%) were overweight(BMI 25-30 mg/m2), but none was obese(BMI >30 mg/m2). The percentage of patients who had total cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dL, triglyceride > or = 150 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol > or = 140 mg/dL, and HDL cholesterol < or = 40 mg/dL were 56%, 44%, 33 %, and 44%, respectively. Interventricular septum thickness(IVST), left ventricular posterior wall thickness(LVPWT), left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter (LVID), left ventricular mass index(LVMI) of patients were 6.4+/-2.1 mm(SDS -1.5+/-1.1), 6.3+/-1.2 mm(SDS -2.1+/-0.8), 44.9+/-4.3 mm(SDS -1.0+/-0.9), and 85.4+/-94.8 g/m2 (SDS -0.5+/-6.8), respectively. The number of patients whose IVST, LVPWT, LVID, and LVMI were decreased(<-2SD) were 4(44%), 5(56%), 1(11%), and 6(67%), respectively. Carotid artery intima-media thickness(IMT) was 0.86+/-0.22 mm, and it was increased(>2SD) in 3 patients(33%). Three out of four patients with IVST lower than -2SD had increased carotid artery IMT, whereas none of five patients with IVST higher than -2SD had increased carotid artery IMT. There were no differences in echocardiographic findings between groups according to sex, age, duration of disease, duration after GH discontinuation, BMI, and severity of dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Decreases in IVST, LVPWT, and LVMI, and an increase in carotid artery IMT were observed in a significant number of patients with childhood-onset GHD. These findings support the need of GH replacement after completion of growth and careful evaluation of cardiovascular changes in patients with childhood-onset GHD.
Adult* ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Abnormalities* ; Cardiovascular System ; Carotid Arteries ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Dyslipidemias ; Echocardiography ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Transducers ; Triglycerides

PURPOSE:Improved adult final height(FH) is a major goal in the treatment of children with short stature due to growth hormone deficiency(GHD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate final height in idiopathic and organic GHD children after long-term growth hormone(GH) treatment. METHODS:Twenty five(16 males and 9 females) patients with GHD(14 idiopathic and 11 organic GHD) were included. GHD was diagnosed by two or more GH provocation tests(peak GH level <10 ng/mL). All subjects had multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, and aged 10.7+/-.5(5.5-14) years at the start of GH treatment. The patients were treated with GH 0.45-0.7 IU/kg/week in 3-7 divided doses for 6.9+/-.8(5.2-10) years. Treatment was ended when growth velocity reached lower than 2 cm/year and/or bone age reached 16 years. Standard auxologic measurements were performed at the start of GH treatment and at every 6 month after initial GH treatment. RESULTS:FH was 166.9+/-.8 cm, which was not significantly lower than target height(167.1+/-.9 cm) and predicted adult height(169.1+/-5 cm). FH SDS was significantly improved to -0.8+/-.5 compared with -3.4+/-.0 of height SDS at the start of GH treatment. The largest height increment was observed in the first year of GH treatment, with a gradual decrease in the following years. There was no difference in FH and FH SDS between idiopathic and organic GHD. Unwanted serious adverse events were not observed in all patients during GH therapy. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and continuous treatment with optimal doses of GH to near adult height improve the outcome in children with short stature due to idiopathic and organic GHD.
Adult ; Child* ; Early Diagnosis ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans ; Male

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the job stress level of call center workers and figure out its relation with cognitive emotion regulation strategies as a cognitive coping strategy. METHODS: Data collection was conducted on 985 call center workers, working for K companies in Korea. ANOVA, t-test, Scheffe's test and multiple regression have been conducted for the data analysis using SAS 9.0 software. RESULTS: The total job stress score of subjects ranges Q25~49 (the lower 50%) whereas the score of job demand and job control ranges Q50~74 (the upper 50%), and its sectional job stress level is high. Since job stress is the major factor affecting cognitive emotion regulation strategies, it is shown that when the job stress score gets higher, the score of positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies gets decreased but the score of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies, increased. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to develop and apply an effective stress easing method for call center workers which reduces negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies and increases positive ones.
Data Collection ; Korea

The prognosis of malignant ovarian tumor is poorer than that of borderline malignant ovarian tumor, Therefore an accurate diagnosis and estimation of the biologic behavior of the tumor are necessary for proper management of the patient. The histologic investigation of the tumor may provide information on the estimation of the malignant potential of tumor cells, but it may be a questionable method because of the subjective determination of tumor grade. Quantification of proliferative activity of tumor cells may play a role as an objective method to provide an estimation of the malignant potential of tumor cells. An evaluation of histologic findings was done on 84 cases of ovarian mucinous and serous tumors that were surgically resected and diagnosed during the period from January 1981 through July 1992. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCN A) labelling index estimated from the immunohistochemical stain for PCN A and the Sphase fraction and porliferative index obtained from flow cytometric DN A analysis were assessed each other with histologic findings. The results are as follows: The presence of aneuploidy in malignant tumors was statistically significant as compared with benign tumors. The borderline malignant tumors showed no significant difference between the number of diploidy and aneuploidy. The PCNA labelling index, S-phase fraction and proliferative index tended to increase as the histologic grade of tumors went up. They were higher in malignant tumors than in others. The PCN A labelling index, S-phase fraction and proliferative index were higher in tumors with aneuploidy than in those with diploidy. In contrast to borderline malignant tumors, the PCNA labelling index in malignant tumors revealed a significant relation with the mitotic index. The S-phase fraction and proliferative index showed, in malignant tumors, a close correlation with the architectural grade and nucleolar grade, but not in borderline malignant tumors. Considering these results, the presence of aneuploidy, PCNA label.

No abstract available.
Antibodies, Monoclonal* ; Blood Cells*