Sarcopenia leads to loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength due to aging; it was recently given a disease code (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification, M62.84). As a result, in recent years, sarcopenia-related research has increased. In addition, various studies seeking to prevent and treat sarcopenia by identifying the various mechanisms related to the reduction of skeletal muscle properties have been conducted. Previous studies have identified muscle synthesis and breakdown; investigating them has generated evidence for preventing and treating sarcopenia. Mouse models are still the most useful ones for determining mechanisms underlying sarcopenia through correlations and interventions involving specific genes and their phenotypes. Mouse models used to study sarcopenia often induce muscle atrophy by hindlimb unloading, denervation, or immobilization. Though it is less frequently used, the senescence-accelerated mouse can also be useful for sarcopenia research. Herein, we discuss cases where senescence-accelerated and genetically engineered mouse models were used in sarcopenia research and different perspectives to use them.

Sarcopenia leads to loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength due to aging; it was recently given a disease code (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification, M62.84). As a result, in recent years, sarcopenia-related research has increased. In addition, various studies seeking to prevent and treat sarcopenia by identifying the various mechanisms related to the reduction of skeletal muscle properties have been conducted. Previous studies have identified muscle synthesis and breakdown; investigating them has generated evidence for preventing and treating sarcopenia. Mouse models are still the most useful ones for determining mechanisms underlying sarcopenia through correlations and interventions involving specific genes and their phenotypes. Mouse models used to study sarcopenia often induce muscle atrophy by hindlimb unloading, denervation, or immobilization. Though it is less frequently used, the senescence-accelerated mouse can also be useful for sarcopenia research. Herein, we discuss cases where senescence-accelerated and genetically engineered mouse models were used in sarcopenia research and different perspectives to use them.

The hallmark symptom of sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength without the loss of overall body weight. Sarcopenia patients are likely to have worse clinical outcomes and higher mortality than do healthy individuals. The sarcopenia population shows an annual increase of ~0.8% in the population after age 50, and the prevalence rate is rapidly increasing with the recent worldwide aging trend. Based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, a global classification of disease published by the World Health Organization, issued the disease code (M62.84) given to sarcopenia in 2016. Therefore, it is expected that the study of sarcopenia will be further activated based on the classification of disease codes in the aging society. Several epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have looked at the correlation between the prevalence of sarcopenia and several environmental factors. In addition, studies using cell lines and rodents have been done to understand the biological mechanism of sarcopenia. Laboratory rodent models are widely applicable in sarcopenia studies because of the advantages of time savings, cost saving, and various analytical applications that could not be used for human subjects. The rodent models that can be applied to the sarcopenia research are diverse, but a simple and fast method that can cause atrophy or aging is preferred. Therefore, we will introduce various methods of inducing muscular atrophy in rodent models to be applied to the study of sarcopenia.

PURPOSE: As emergency ultrasound (EUS) can improve the management of emergency department patients, education in EUS has become an essential part of emergency medicine resident training. This study examined the efficacy of pediatric EUS education for resident physicians 6 months after training. METHODS: A survey was conducted on emergency medicine resident physicians who participated in the Pediatric Emergency Ultrasound Course in November 2014, which is a training program of pediatric EUS generated by Korean Society of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Society of Emergency and Critical Care Imaging. The instructor checked the list to evaluate attendee after the course. After the course, resident physicians have been encouraged to use EUS at the patient's bedside, and the same list was checked 6 months after the course. At the same time, a survey of the number of experience of EUS during the 6 months was performed. RESULTS: Ten emergency resident physicians of Seoul National University of Hospital participated in the course and all attendees were re-evaluated 6 months after the course. The mean initial score immediately after the course and that at the 6 months follow-up was 28.6±3.13 and 20.8±3.79, respectively (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was observed between the difference score and the EUS experience number, including the observations of the other physician's EUS (p=0.603) and hands-on by themselves (p=0.771). CONCLUSION: Although a EUS education program could improve the resident physician's ability, the effect decreased with time. Hence, the resident physician's EUS ability cannot be maintained via simple emergency department duty. Therefore, the education program should be repeated regularly.
Critical Care ; Education* ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Medicine* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Seoul ; Ultrasonography*

Age-related rotator cuff tendon degeneration is related to tenofibroblast apoptosis. Anthocyanins reduce oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death in tenofibroblasts. The current study investigated the presence of cell protective effects in cyanidin and delphinidin, the most common aglycon forms of anthocyanins. We determined whether these anthocyanidins have antiapoptotic and antinecrotic effects in tenofibroblasts exposed to H₂O₂, and evaluated their biomolecular mechanisms. Both cyanidin and delphinidin inhibited H₂O₂-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. However, at concentrations of 100 μg/ml or greater, delphinidin showed cytotoxicity against tenofibroblasts and a decreased antinecrotic effect. Cyanidin and delphinidin both showed inhibitory effects on the H₂O₂-induced increase in intracellular ROS formation and the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK. In conclusion, both cyanidin and delphinidin have cytoprotective effects on cultured tenofibroblasts exposed to H₂O₂. These results suggest that cyanidin and delphinidin are both beneficial for the treatment of oxidative stress-mediated tenofibroblast cell death, but their working concentrations are different.
Anthocyanins ; Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; Rotator Cuff ; Tendons

PURPOSE: Electrical shock is not always followed by a perfusing rhythm, and multiple shock failure (MSF) is common during CPR. We sought to investigate its risk factors and prognostic implications. METHODS: Adult OHCA patients with emergency department (ED) ACLS attempts were identified from a tertiary hospital OHCA registry extending from 2008 to 2012. Shock failure was defined as any electrical shock attempt not followed by a pulse-generating rhythm. Patients were assigned to one of three groups based on the number of shock failures: 1) MSF: ≥3 electrical shock failures before the first ROSC or CPR termination (if there was no ROSC), 2) early shock success (ESS): pulse-generating rhythm achieved within 3 electrical shock attempts and 3) others: all remaining patients. Baseline characteristics, initial laboratory measurements, and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: A total of 590 patients were included. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the MSF group (n=49) and the early shock success group (n=50) except in its higher proportion of presumed cardiac aetiology. The MSF group showed less severe metabolic acidosis and coagulopathy on ED arrival and better renal function and higher haematocrit and serum albumin levels compared with the ESS group. MSF was associated with less sustained ROSC, but was also associated with more survival discharge and better long-term neurologic outcomes after sustained ROSC. CONCLUSION: MSF may indicate heart-specific problems rather than severe metabolic derangements. Better long-term outcomes can be expected once sustained ROSC is achieved, therefore, this phenomenon warrants more focused research.
Acidosis ; Adult ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Resuscitation* ; Risk Factors* ; Serum Albumin ; Shock* ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Ventricular Fibrillation

The type III histone deacetylase silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is an enzyme that is critical for the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. However, the data on its role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are limited and controversial. To better understand how SIRT1 regulates adaptive immune responses in RA, we evaluated collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in myeloid cell-specific SIRT1 knockout (mSIRT1 KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Arthritis severity was gauged on the basis of clinical, radiographic and pathologic scores. Compared with their WT counterparts, the mSIRT1 KO mice exhibited less severe arthritis, which was less destructive to the joints. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases and ROR-γT were also reduced in the mSIRT1 KO mice compared with the WT mice and were paralleled by reductions in the numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells and CD80- or CD86-positive dendritic cells (DCs). In addition, impaired DC maturation and decreases in the Th1/Th17 immune response were observed in the mSIRT1 KO mice. T-cell proliferation was also investigated in co-cultures with antigen-pulsed DCs. In the co-cultures, the DCs from the mSIRT1 KO mice showed decreases in T-cell proliferation and the Th1/Th17 immune response. In this study, myeloid cell-specific deletion of SIRT1 appeared to suppress CIA by modulating DC maturation. Thus, a careful investigation of DC-specific SIRT1 downregulation is needed to gauge the therapeutic utility of agents targeting SIRT1 in RA.
Animals ; Arthritis ; Arthritis, Experimental* ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Coculture Techniques ; Cytokines ; Dendritic Cells* ; Down-Regulation ; Histone Deacetylases ; Joints ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Mice* ; T-Lymphocytes ; Th17 Cells

The purpose of this study was to reveal association between internal marketing and customer orientation. Internal marketing was composed of empowerment, educational training, reward system, internal communication and management support. We thought these factors affect to the consumer orientation. For this study, 191 dental hygienists in Busan, Ulsan and Kyungnam are participated in this study. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS 18.0 program. In conclusion, we obtained the next results. First, the mean of internal marketing behavior was 3.22 out of 5. In terms of sub-domain, educational training (3.88) is the highest, followed by empowerment (3.35), internal communication (3.10), management support (3.05) and reward system (2.79). Second, the internal marketing factors of internal communication, reward system orientation, management support, empowerment, and educational training had positive correlations with customer orientation (r=0.189∼0.381). Third, the influencing factor in customer orientation were educational training (β=0.277) and empowerment (β=0.276), adjusted R²=0.202. As dental patients' desire to medical service quality becomes diversified, the analysis result is considered to help the future dental service management.
Busan ; Dental Hygienists* ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Marketing* ; Power (Psychology) ; Reward ; Ulsan

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors related to upper extremities work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) in cameramen. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was performed on 166 cameramen in a broadcasting station. The questionnaire consisted of questions on the general characteristics, the health behavior, work type and duration, physical burden, ergonomic posture, and musculoskeletal symptoms. Definition of musculoskeletal disorders was based on NIOSH criteria. RESULTS: The positive rate of WRMSDs symptoms by parts of the body was turned out to be the highest in the shoulder (14.5%) and the lowest in arm and elbow (6%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that symptoms in the shoulders increased with BMI (OR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.03-12.71), physical burden (OR = 9.29, 95% CI = 1.72-61.78 in the very hard group) and ergonomic factors (OR = 4.50, 95% CI = 1.03-19.68). Ergonomic factors were only related to the symptoms of hand and wrist (OR = 10.21, 95% CI = 1.02-102.20). WRMSDs symptoms, in the whole upper extremities, were higher in the 50 or older age group (OR = 5.86, 95% CI = 1.03-33.26), higher BMI group (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.28-13.53), non-exercise group (OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.24-12.59), high physical burden group (OR = 7.6, 95% CI = 1.34-52.74), and high grade ergonomic risk group (OR = 4.82, 95% CI = 1.29-16.06). CONCLUSION: The most serious musculoskeletal disorders of male cameramen were shoulder pain. Ergonomic factors and physical burden were the most significant factors affecting WRMSDs in cameramen in this study. Cameramen should be educated to be able to improve the ergonomic occupational environment and to set up preventive measures against the risk factors during work.
Arm ; Elbow ; Hand ; Health Behavior ; Human Engineering ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male* ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.) ; Occupational Diseases ; Posture ; Risk Factors* ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Pain ; Upper Extremity* ; Wrist

OBJECTIVE: Transpedicular screw fixation has some disadvantages such as postoperative back pain through wide muscle dissection, long operative time, and cephalad adjacent segmental degeneration (ASD). The purposes of this study are investigation and comparison of radiological and clinical results between interspinous fusion device (IFD) and pedicle screw. METHODS: From Jan. 2008 to Aug. 2009, 40 patients underwent spinal fusion with IFD combined with posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). In same study period, 36 patients underwent spinal fusion with pedicle screw fixation as control group. Dynamic lateral radiographs, visual analogue scale (VAS), and Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (K-ODI) scores were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: The lumbar spine diseases in the IFD group were as followings; spinal stenosis in 26, degenerative spondylolisthesis in 12, and intervertebral disc herniation in 2. The mean follow up period was 14.24 months (range; 12 to 22 months) in the IFD group and 18.3 months (range; 12 to 28 months) in pedicle screw group. The mean VAS scores was preoperatively 7.16+/-2.1 and 8.03+/-2.3 in the IFD and pedicle screw groups, respectively, and improved postoperatively to 1.3+/-2.9 and 1.2+/-3.2 in 1-year follow ups (p<0.05). The K-ODI was decreased significantly in an equal amount in both groups one year postoperatively (p<0.05). The statistics revealed a higher incidence of ASD in pedicle screw group than the IFD group (p=0.029). CONCLUSION: Posterior IFD has several advantages over the pedicle screw fixation in terms of skin incision, muscle dissection and short operative time and less intraoperative estimated blood loss. The IFD with PLIF may be a favorable technique to replace the pedicle screw fixation in selective case.
Back Pain ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intervertebral Disc ; Muscles ; Operative Time ; Skin ; Spinal Fusion ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spine ; Spondylolisthesis