Neonatal and obstetrical problems related to the low birth weight infants were evaluated by a retrospective review of the medical records of the 186 low birth weight infants born at Yeungnam University Hospital during 3 years and 8 months from May 1, 1983 to February 28, 1987. The results were as follows: 1. The incidence of the low birth weight infants was 4.98% among 3,803 live births. 2. Male to female ratio was 1.02:1. 3. The incidence of the low birth weight infants was lowest in mothers of 25 to 29 years, increased in mothers of 19 years of less and 30 to 39 years significantly. 4. There was no difference in the incidence of low birth weight infants between primiparous and multiparous mothers. 5. Common obstetrical complications associated with low weight infants were multiple pregnancy, toxemia and premature rupture of membrane in order of frequency. 6. Common neonatal problems in low birth weight infants were jaundice, idiopathic respiratory, distress syndrome, asphyxia and metabolic derangement such as hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia in order of frequency.
Asphyxia ; Clinical Study* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypoglycemia ; Incidence ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn ; Jaundice ; Live Birth ; Male ; Medical Records ; Membranes ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Multiple ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture ; Toxemia

No abstract available.
Carboxyhemoglobin* ; Humans ; Hyperbilirubinemia* ; Infant, Newborn*

A 24-year-old woman was seen for evaluation of an skin lesion on thiright nipple. Examination revealed a solitary 1.5 x 1cm-sized, erythematous, oozing, eroded andruted, verrucous nodule on the right nipple. A small amount of serous discharge was found but there was no pain or tenderness. Histopathologic findings showed cystic invaginations extending down vard from the epidermis and papillary projections extending into the lumina of the invagination. Pupiae were lined by two rows of cells. In stroma, there were marked inflammatory infiltrates containing any plasma cells. The overlying dermis showed an adenomatous growth pattern with a prolifertion of round, oval or irregular shaped ducts and fibrotic stroma.
Adenoma* ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; Dermis ; Epidermis ; Female ; Humans ; Nipples* ; Plasma Cells ; Skin ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Hemorrhage*

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in Korean postmenopausal women. The data from 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used for data analysis. Subjects were 2,701 postmenopausal women aged > or = 50 years. BMDs at whole body, total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Dietary data from 24-hour dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire containing 63 food items were used. The proportions of osteopenia at total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were 37.4%, 54.5%, and 45.4%, respectively. The proportions of osteoporosis at total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were 6.2%, 25.6%, and 34.3%, respectively. Age, anthropometric index including height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI), parathyroid hormone, and physical activity were related to BMD, but the relationships were site specific. Total femur BMD was explained by age, weight, parathyroid hormone and intakes of carbohydrate and fruits. Femoral neck BMD was related to age, weight, parathyroid hormone and intakes of riboflavin and fruits. Lumbar spine BMD was associated with age, weight, milk and dairy products, calcium intake, and exercise. These results indicated that adequate intakes of milk and dairy products, fruits, carbohydrate, calcium, riboflavin and exercise as well as weight maintenance might play an important role in maintaining optimum bone health in Korean postmenopausal women.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Calcium ; Dairy Products ; Female ; Femur ; Femur Neck ; Fruit ; Humans ; Milk ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys ; Osteoporosis ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Riboflavin ; Spine ; Statistics as Topic

In this study, literature review was done to examine and compare the current status and problems of different evaluation approaches toward permanent impairment in Korea. Alternatives and improvements in the current approaches in Korea were suggested. Series of cases were also examined to compare different approaches applied to the real cases, using 105 cases from a hospital data and another 207 cases from insurance company data. The main findings of the literature review are as follows; 1. The current evaluation methods of permanent impairment in Korea are grouped into two categories, grading and rating. Grading of impairments are expressly specified in 17 various statutes. 2. In Grading methods, the rigid system of 14 different grades has been adopted uniformally for the convenience of administration, which may not be, appropriate or valid from medical and scientifical aspect. 3. The advantage of McBride method is assessment of occupational disability rate. However the classified compensable occupations are only 280 and limited to manufacturing industries in 1960s' of U.S.A., which is not appropriate to current Korean circumstances. Especially, the job list does not include managerial officers or mental workers. 4. AMA Guides is the scientific and reasonable method for the assessment of physical impairment rate. However compensation and reparation of impairment case is difficult because this method cannot assess the disability rate according to occupation, age, etc. The results of cases comparative study are as follows: 5. The physical impairment could be compared in 167 out of total 312 cases and for the cases of complex impairment, McBride method underestimate physical impairment rate compared with AMA method. 6. When disability rate was assessed, occupation was considered the compensation of only 85 cases, and age was used in only 21 cases. This was because occupation and age compensation in McBride method are unreasonable. 7. The most ideal alternative is to assess physical impairment according to AMA method and then to develop a compensation method appropriate for the circumstances of Korea society.
Compensation and Redress ; Insurance ; Korea* ; Occupations

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to compare the clinical competency in different instructio nal methods for funda- mentals of nursing practicum, standardized patients methods story as text method ,and traditional lecture/model method. METHOD: The study was designed as a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group post-test design with three separate classes of sophomore students attending fundamentals of nursing classes at one baccaleureate nursing school located in metropoli tan Seoul area. Control group was taught by traditiona lecture/ model method and two experimental groups were taught by standardized patients method and story as text method. Data were collected from September, 1999 to June 2001. There were 36 students in the standardized patient method group, 38 students in story as text group, and 40 students in the control group. Data analysis was done using SPSS WINDOW 9.0. RESULT: The results showed that the standardized patients method and story as text method groups were significantly better in clinical judgement and communication skills than the traditional lecture/model method group. The standardized patients method group was significantly better in clinical nursing skills performance than two other groups. However, there was no significant difference among the three groups in student satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The standardized patients method is an effective in teaching clinical cometency for student nurses. It is necessary to explore more efficient way to develop standardized patients cases for wider areas of nursing education. Also, it is recommended to develop more research projects with many nursing programs.
Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Schools, Nursing ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of volume and concentration in a constant dose of subarachnoid bupivacaine on the extent and duration of sensory and motor blocks. METHODS: Forty parturients scheduled for cesarean section were randomly assigned to two groups for spinal anesthesia. In group 1, 3.5 ml of hyperbaric 0.25% bupivacaine (8.75 mg) with 0.25 mg morphine and 10 microgram fentanyl were injected into the subarachnoid space; in group 2, 1.75 ml of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine (8.75 mg) with 0.25 mg morphine and 10 microgram fentanyl were injected. Dural punctures were performed at the L3-L4 or L2-L3 interspaces with a 25 gauge needle in the sitting position after which the patients were turned to the supine horizontal position. The level and extent of the sensory and motor block were measured at 3, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. The onset, duration and regression of sensory and motor blocks were studied. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between two groups in the level and extent of sensory and motor blocks. From onset time to maximal sensory block took 12.1 +/- 3.0 min in group 1, and 13.3 +/- 3.7 min in group 2, and from onset time to complete motor block took 10.2 +/- 2.7 min in group 1 and 11.4 +/-2.6 min in group 2. There was no significant difference in the time taken to complete the regression of seosory block, and the complete resolution of the motor block. CONCLUSIONS: A constant 8.75 mg dose of subarachnoid hyperbaric bupivacaine produced, in all groups, a similar, statistically insisnificant, level and extent of sensory and motor block, in spite of different volumes and concentrations.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Bupivacaine* ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Morphine ; Needles ; Pregnancy ; Punctures ; Subarachnoid Space

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of volume and concentration in a constant dose of subarachnoid bupivacaine on the extent and duration of sensory and motor blocks. METHODS: Forty parturients scheduled for cesarean section were randomly assigned to two groups for spinal anesthesia. In group 1, 3.5 ml of hyperbaric 0.25% bupivacaine (8.75 mg) with 0.25 mg morphine and 10 microgram fentanyl were injected into the subarachnoid space; in group 2, 1.75 ml of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine (8.75 mg) with 0.25 mg morphine and 10 microgram fentanyl were injected. Dural punctures were performed at the L3-L4 or L2-L3 interspaces with a 25 gauge needle in the sitting position after which the patients were turned to the supine horizontal position. The level and extent of the sensory and motor block were measured at 3, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. The onset, duration and regression of sensory and motor blocks were studied. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between two groups in the level and extent of sensory and motor blocks. From onset time to maximal sensory block took 12.1 +/- 3.0 min in group 1, and 13.3 +/- 3.7 min in group 2, and from onset time to complete motor block took 10.2 +/- 2.7 min in group 1 and 11.4 +/-2.6 min in group 2. There was no significant difference in the time taken to complete the regression of seosory block, and the complete resolution of the motor block. CONCLUSIONS: A constant 8.75 mg dose of subarachnoid hyperbaric bupivacaine produced, in all groups, a similar, statistically insisnificant, level and extent of sensory and motor block, in spite of different volumes and concentrations.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Bupivacaine* ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Morphine ; Needles ; Pregnancy ; Punctures ; Subarachnoid Space

No abstract available.