Endoscopic variceal ligation is an accepted new form of safe treatment for esophageal varices. But, there are a few reports of long-term effect of EVL. We analysed 60 patients to evaluate long-term effect of EVL for esophageal varices. The eradication rate was 96.5%, the mean session for eradication of varices 3.0, the number of bands per person 21.5 and the number of bands per session 7.2, Child-Pugh classes(A: B: C) of patients were improved in 25, not changed in 30, deteriorated in 2 cases by EVL(34:19:4 at postEVL vs 20:19:21 at baseline, p<0.01). No serious treatment-related complication resulted from 167 EVL sessions. The patients were followed for a mean of 10.5 months, during which recurrence rate of varices was 14.5%, rebleeding rate 16.4%, and mortality rate 12,7%. The period from last session to recurrence was 4-19 months(mean 9.6). No late complication of EVL was documented. In conclusion, EVL is a safe and effective for hemostasis and eradication of esophageal varices. Thus it can improve liver function and reduce bleeding-related mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. But the regular periodic examination for recurrence after an eradication of varices should be required.
Esophageal and Gastric Varices* ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Ligation* ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Mortality ; Recurrence ; Varicose Veins

Endoscopic variceal ligation is an accepted new form of safe treatment for esophageal varices. But, there are a few reports of long-term effect of EVL. We analysed 60 patients to evaluate long-term effect of EVL for esophageal varices. The eradication rate was 96.5%, the mean session for eradication of varices 3.0, the number of bands per person 21.5 and the number of bands per session 7.2, Child-Pugh classes(A: B: C) of patients were improved in 25, not changed in 30, deteriorated in 2 cases by EVL(34:19:4 at postEVL vs 20:19:21 at baseline, p<0.01). No serious treatment-related complication resulted from 167 EVL sessions. The patients were followed for a mean of 10.5 months, during which recurrence rate of varices was 14.5%, rebleeding rate 16.4%, and mortality rate 12,7%. The period from last session to recurrence was 4-19 months(mean 9.6). No late complication of EVL was documented. In conclusion, EVL is a safe and effective for hemostasis and eradication of esophageal varices. Thus it can improve liver function and reduce bleeding-related mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. But the regular periodic examination for recurrence after an eradication of varices should be required.
Esophageal and Gastric Varices* ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Ligation* ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Mortality ; Recurrence ; Varicose Veins

It is important to prepare and execute the menu plan for proper and balanced intake of nutrients in the adolescence. This study investigated the new approach for planning menu by ordinary meal pattern based on cooked foods groups. The amounts of cooked foods in the menu plan assumed to be single serving size. The middle school second graders participated for the study. A total of 313 questionnaires were analyzed using CAN-pro 3.0 and SPSS WIN 12.0 program. The average content of energy in the menu plan was 2,453 kcal, the average ratios of energy contribution by carbohydrate, protein and fat were 54.3%, 17.9%, 27.8%, respectively. A total of 56.9% menu plans (94.9% of male and 8.7% of female students') were below the lowest limit of optimum carbohydrate energy ratio of 55%. A total of 29.1% menu plans (33.1% of male and 23.9% of female students') were exceed the highest limit of optimum fat energy ratio of 30%. The NAR of minerals and vitamins were all 1.0 except for calcium (0.92) and folate (0.88). When INQ of the individual cooked food groups were calculated, kimch was the highest in all minerals and vitamins examined, suggesting that kimch may be the best source for all minerals and vitamins, including calcium and folate with the minimum change in energy content. In conclusion, the menu plan by ordinary meal pattern in this study was low in carbohydrate, high in fat, and contained enough minerals and vitamins except for calcium and folate for middle school students.
Adolescent ; Calcium ; Female ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Minerals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vitamins

Neonatal and obstetrical problems related to the low birth weight infants were evaluated by a retrospective review of the medical records of the 186 low birth weight infants born at Yeungnam University Hospital during 3 years and 8 months from May 1, 1983 to February 28, 1987. The results were as follows: 1. The incidence of the low birth weight infants was 4.98% among 3,803 live births. 2. Male to female ratio was 1.02:1. 3. The incidence of the low birth weight infants was lowest in mothers of 25 to 29 years, increased in mothers of 19 years of less and 30 to 39 years significantly. 4. There was no difference in the incidence of low birth weight infants between primiparous and multiparous mothers. 5. Common obstetrical complications associated with low weight infants were multiple pregnancy, toxemia and premature rupture of membrane in order of frequency. 6. Common neonatal problems in low birth weight infants were jaundice, idiopathic respiratory, distress syndrome, asphyxia and metabolic derangement such as hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia in order of frequency.
Asphyxia ; Clinical Study* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypoglycemia ; Incidence ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn ; Jaundice ; Live Birth ; Male ; Medical Records ; Membranes ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Multiple ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture ; Toxemia

Before beginning the extracorporeal circulation, perfusionists should supply oxygen into the oxygenator and establish blood flow through the blood line of the heart-lung machine. But these manipulation can induce severe hypocarbic state of priming solutions due to wash out of CO2 gas in the solution. This study was carried out to examine the relationship of blood gas changes between hypocarbic priming solutions and body circulation in 15 patients undergoing open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. PaCO₂, pH, buffer base and PaO2 were measured from priming solutions before and 15 minutes after the extracorporeal circulation. The results were as follows; 1) Before the extracorporeal circulation, mean PaCO₂ level was 12.1±7.8 mmHg in the priming solution. However, 15 minutes after extracorporeal circulation, the PaCO₂ level was maintained at 35.7±5.7 mmHg. 2) pH in the priming solution was variable from 6.93 to 7.99 (mean 7.45±0.29), but after 15 minutes it was ranged from 7.28 to 7.42 (mean 7.35±0.05). 3) Mean buffer base level in the priming solution was 7.9±3.5 mmol/l. but after 15 minutes, it was 19.6±1.2 mmol/l. 4) Mean PaO₂ level in the priming solution was 667.1±45.6 mmHg, but after 15 minutes, it was 280.7±131.7 mmHg.
Extracorporeal Circulation* ; Heart* ; Heart-Lung Machine ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oxygen ; Oxygenators ; Thoracic Surgery*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify that Rooming-in of new mothers have an influence on continuous breast feeding. METHOD: This is a comparative survey study which was done by self reported questionnaire and telephone contacts. The subjects are collected from two groups which consist of 29 in Rooming-in group and 24 in Non-Rooming-in group respectively. The data were collected method of this study was lists of given to mothers while they were in the hospital and interviews by telephone were done at their home 3 months and 6 months after delivery. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: 1. The rates of breast feeding were 79.3% in the Rooming-in group and 41.7% in the non-Rooming-in group after 3 months. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups(chi2=10.217, p=.009). 2. The rates of breast feeding were 69.0% in the Rooming-in group and 29.2% in the Non-Rooming-in group at 6 months. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups(chi-square=10.310, p=.012). CONCLUSION: Rooming-in system provoke an increase of the breast feeding rate in new mothers and encourage them to keep breast feeding. In addition, it would be desirable that hospitals apply Rooming-in system actively and encourage new mothers to breast feed for 24 hours a day. It could be make breast feeding successful.
Breast ; Breast Feeding ; Humans ; Mothers ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report ; Telephone

The authors observed 4 cases of retinitis punctata albescens presented in a family, namely, a sister and 3 brothers of 6 siblings. Typical fundus findings were found in all four patients. Under ordinary illumination, the perripheral visual field was within the limit of normal, but concentrically contracted in 5 to 30 degrees under the reduced illumination.
Humans ; Lighting ; Retinitis* ; Siblings ; Visual Fields

The purpose of the study is to research the side effects of chemotherapy which are experienced by cancer patients, theirself-care behaviors to manage the side effect symptoms, and to for provide the fundamental knowledge basis for nursing intervention and self-care education. The subjects were 15 cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in 2 university hospitals. The side effects and self-care behaviors were categorized into 7 themes. 1) First theme Patients experienced nausea, vomiting, alteration in appetite, constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion. Patients used emetics, ate sweets, fruits, drank alcohol and cold veberages to deal with nausea and vomiting. They took their favorites, and yogurt and medicine, and an easily digestible diet to decrease the side effects on digestive function. 2) Second theme Patients experienced oral-dryness & stomatitis. Patients consumed water, candy a warm food and various beverages. 3) Third theme, To cope with changed sense of taste, patient ate their favorite foods, and to help offset alteration in tactile sense they used massage. Concerning changed sensitivity to decreased temperature, ultraviolet treatment and various means of keeping warm were used. To deal with the changed sense of smell and hearing, they avoided noise and bad odors as much as possible. 4) Fourth theme Patients experienced discoloured skin and alopecia. Patients wore appropriate clothes to hide it. To deal with alopecia, they used hats, head kerchief, and positive thinking. 5) Fifth theme Patients experienced weight loss, URI symptoms, fatigue, pain, insomnia and they took various food health products, medicines, and naps. 6) Sixth theme Patients experienced musculoskeletal changes and decreased amounts and range of activities. They did self-care behaviors such as taking baths, exercising etc. 7) Seventh theme Patients felt varing level of anxiety and for this they had fellowship with support companies and used religion, self-control, and positive thinking. From the above research, it can be concluded that : Patients used self-care behaviors which were not proved in effectiveness and education for the prevention and management of the related side effects of chemotherapy was not effective, either.
Alopecia ; Anxiety ; Appetite ; Baths ; Beverages ; Candy ; Constipation ; Diarrhea ; Diet ; Drug Therapy ; Dyspepsia ; Education ; Emetics ; Fatigue ; Fellowships and Scholarships ; Fruit ; Head ; Hearing ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Massage ; Nausea ; Noise ; Nursing ; Odors ; Self Care* ; Skin ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Smell ; Stomatitis ; Thinking ; Vomiting ; Water ; Weight Loss ; Yogurt

No abstract available.
Peroneal Nerve*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with sexual debut among Korean middle school students. METHODS: From the database of the Eighth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS), the researchers selected 37,297 middle school students aged 12-15 years. Data were analyzed using chi2 test and multiple logistic regression with the SPSS WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: The proportion of middle school students who had a sexual debut was 2.1% of boys and 1.5% of girls. In multiple regression analysis, economic status, experience of part time work, smoking, drug use and depression were associated with an increased proportion of sexual intercourse for both boys and girls. Living with parents, drinking alcohol and suicidal ideation were associated with sexual debut for boys only. By contrast, formal sexual education was associated with a reduced risk of sexual debut. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show the factors associated with sexual debut among Korean middle school students. Gender-related interventions should be taken into consideration in school sexual education programmes, because of differences in related factors according to gender.
Adolescent ; Coitus ; Depression ; Drinking ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Parents ; Risk-Taking ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Suicidal Ideation