In the past, physical castration was adopted to punish sex offenders and prevent the recurrence of sexual crimes. However, it was abrogated because of human right issues and the irreversibility of fertility. Chemical castration of depot injection with hormones was introduced as an alternative method of physical castration. Antiandrogen is the most frequently used hormonal agents. Although there are several positive results such as changes of sexual behaviors and decrease of the recurrence rate of sexual crime after hormonal treatment, it also has serious limitations; difficulties in academic evaluation for control group and placebo effect; difficulties in the assessment of the therapeutic effect; and difficulties to decide the proper duration of treatment. Although the law for chemical castration to control sexual impulses in sex offenders was enforced since July, 2011 in Korea, there are not enough resources for treatment. We reviewed the appropriate references and suggested continuous long-term follow-up studies.
Castration ; Child ; Crime ; Criminals ; Fertility ; Follow-Up Studies ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Pedophilia ; Recurrence ; Sexual Behavior

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the usefulness of intelligence test in assessing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: The medical records of 312 patients with ADHD who visited the child psychiatry department in one university hospital in Seoul, Korea, were reviewed. Demographic data and scores on the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) and Korean-Conners' Parent Rating Scale (K-CPRS) were analyzed. To assess the relationship with comorbidities, ADHD subjects were classified as; externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders, tic disorders, and no comorbidities. RESULTS: Verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) was significantly higher than performance IQ (PIQ)(102.6+/-14.44, 99.2+/-14.48, p<.001). Using mean scatter method, subtest scores such as 'information, similarities, digit span and coding' were significantly lower than mean scores of sum of subtests of VIQ or PIQ (p<.05). Regarding comorbidities, children with externalizing disorders exhibited. Lower scores on 'information and vocabulary' than other groups (p=.008). Children with no comorbidities exhibited higher scores on 'similarities and object assembly' than children with externalizing/internalizing disorders (p=.001) and also on 'comprehension' than children with externalizing disorders (p=.006). For subtypes of ADHD, children with hyperactive-impulsive type had higher scores on 'comprehension' than children with inattentive and combined type (p=.004). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that intelligence test might provide useful information for assessing ADHD.
Child ; Child Psychiatry ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Parents ; Pilot Projects ; Tic Disorders

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the usefulness of intelligence test in assessing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: The medical records of 312 patients with ADHD who visited the child psychiatry department in one university hospital in Seoul, Korea, were reviewed. Demographic data and scores on the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) and Korean-Conners' Parent Rating Scale (K-CPRS) were analyzed. To assess the relationship with comorbidities, ADHD subjects were classified as; externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders, tic disorders, and no comorbidities. RESULTS: Verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) was significantly higher than performance IQ (PIQ)(102.6+/-14.44, 99.2+/-14.48, p<.001). Using mean scatter method, subtest scores such as 'information, similarities, digit span and coding' were significantly lower than mean scores of sum of subtests of VIQ or PIQ (p<.05). Regarding comorbidities, children with externalizing disorders exhibited. Lower scores on 'information and vocabulary' than other groups (p=.008). Children with no comorbidities exhibited higher scores on 'similarities and object assembly' than children with externalizing/internalizing disorders (p=.001) and also on 'comprehension' than children with externalizing disorders (p=.006). For subtypes of ADHD, children with hyperactive-impulsive type had higher scores on 'comprehension' than children with inattentive and combined type (p=.004). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that intelligence test might provide useful information for assessing ADHD.
Child ; Child Psychiatry ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Parents ; Pilot Projects ; Tic Disorders

OBJECTIVES: The usability of clinical information systems (CISs) is known to be an essential consideration in ensuring patient safety as well as integrating clinical flow. This study aimed to determine how usability and safety guidelines of CIS consider clinical workflow through a systematic review in terms of the target systems, methodology, and guideline components of relevant articles. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for articles published from 2000 to 2015 in PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CINAHL. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement method was employed. Articles containing recommendations, principles, and evaluation items for CIS usability and safety were included. The selected articles were classified according to article type, methodology, and target systems. Taking clinical workflow into consideration, the components of guidelines were extracted and classified. RESULTS: A total of 7,401 articles were identified by keyword search. From the 76 articles remaining after abstract screening, 15 were selected through full-text review. Literature review (n = 7) was the most common methodology, followed by expert opinions (n = 6). Computerized physician order entry (n = 6) was the most frequent system. Four articles considered the entire process of clinical tasks, and two articles considered the principles of the entire process of user interface affecting clinical workflow. Only two articles performed heuristic evaluations of CISs. CONCLUSIONS: The usability and safety guidelines of CISs need improvement in guideline development methodology and with consideration of clinical workflow.
Expert Testimony ; Heuristics ; Hospital Information Systems ; Information Systems* ; Mass Screening ; Medical Order Entry Systems ; Methods ; Patient Safety ; User-Computer Interface

This study was conducted to evaluate the psychological changes and influences of child actors depending on their role. First, we met the film producer of Dogani and discussed about the filming condition. Second, we visited filming locations during the filming of Neighborhood, when shooting of parts involving the female child actor was taking place and evaluated the emotional states of the child actor before and after she played her role. Third, we interviewed various people of the movie industry, which included adult actors, directors, a professor of films and broadcasting who was a former child actor and a scriptwriter. In case of the film Dogani, the production crew provided enough care and protection and we concluded that child actors had no psychological sequelae. After interviewing the child actor and visiting filming locations, we confirmed that the child actor was not influenced by playing certain roles. In addition, after interviewing various people related to filming, we thought that child actors might not have psychological sequelae related to the character played. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study about influences of the playing character for child actors. We concluded that playing certain roles would not have negative effects on child actors.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Residence Characteristics

OBJECTIVES: We developed the short form of the Mentalization Improvement Program for Adolescent-Community Model (MIPAdo-CM-S), based on the concept of the mentalization. METHODS: The MIPAdo-CM was composed of 6 sessions and was applied to 133 students in the 1st grade of a middle school for six weeks during their regular school hours. After 6 weeks, we compared the endpoint changes of Adolescent Mental Problem Questionnaire-Revised (AMPQ-R), Emotional Empathy Test, Peer Aggression Scale, Peer Bullying Scale, School Adjustment Scale, Test Anxiety Inventory and Visual Analogue Scale between the subject and the control group. RESULTS: On the Visual Analoge Scale, students in the trial classes reported an increased understanding and respect for others, as well as themselves. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of MIPAdo-CM was subjective improvement of understanding and respect for both others and themselves. To prove objective usefulness of this program, further studies should be administered in the form of long-term, regular and structured courses.
Adolescent ; Aggression ; Bullying ; Child ; Empathy ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Test Anxiety Scale

OBJECTIVES: Understanding the emotions, thoughts, feelings and behaviors of others, as well as oneself, is part of the mentalizing function. We developed a new school-based community model for mental health, called the Mentalization Improvement Program for Adolescent-Community Model (MIPAdo-CM), based on the concept of mentalization. METHODS: The MIPAdo-CM was composed of 12 sessions and was applied to 403 students in the 2nd grade of a middle school. Every session was conducted after the regular school hours for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, we compared the endpoint changes of Adolescent Mental Problem Questionnaire-Revised (AMPQ-R), Emotional Empathy Test (EET), Peer Aggression Scale (PAS), Peer Bullying Scale (PBS), School Adjustment Scale (SAS), Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and Visual Analogue Scale between the subject and the control group. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between two groups in AMPQ-R, EET, PAS, PBS, SAS, and TAI. On the Visual Analoge Scale, however, students in the trial classes reported more increase in understanding and respect for both others and themselves. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of MIPAdo-CM was subjective improvement of understanding and respect for both others and themselves, erence between two groups in AMPQ-R, Empathy test, To prove objective usefulness of this program, further studies with more structured design will be needed.
Adolescent ; Aggression ; Anxiety ; Bullying ; Child ; Empathy ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Phenothiazines ; Theory of Mind

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes and bone fusion rates after insertion of hollow cages or cages with bone substitutes for treatment of disc protrusion in the cervical spine. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 93 patients who had undergone cage-assisted anterior cervical spine fusion. Patients were treated with hollow cages (N=52) or with cages with bone substitutes (N=41). Initial and follow up radiologic data were analyzed using Vavruch bone fusion criteria. RESULTS: Clinical outcomes including preoperative and postoperative pain and functional scores were not significantly different between the two patient groups. The over-all fusion rates differed between the two groups: patients treated with hollow cages demonstrated an average fusion rate of 84.6%, while patients treated with cages with bone substitutes demonstrated an average fusion rate of 87.8%, but these differences were not significant 24 months after surgery. At 18 months after surgery, the fusion rates of patients treated with cages with bone substitutes were significantly different from those of patients treated with hollow cages. Among patients who received bone substitutes, patients who received DBM exhibited better fusion outcomes than patients treated with other bone materials after 18 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Patients who are surgically treated with anterior cervical spine fusion for disc protrusion using cages with bone substitutes may achieve earlier fusion than patients treated with hollow cages, although both groups show similar final fusion rates.
Bone Substitutes ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Pain, Postoperative ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion ; Spine

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to identify the characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that was not diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but only in adulthood. METHODS: The characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood were compared with those of patients diagnosed in childhood were assessed via a retrospective review of the medical records at one university hospital from 2005 to 2013. If the age at which they were confirmed as having ADHD was less than 19 years old, they were grouped as childhood-diagnosed group (CD); if they were 19 years old or more, they were grouped as adulthood-diagnosed group (AD). RESULTS: The CD and AD included 50 (46.3%) and 58 (53.7%) patients, respectively. Inattention was the most common symptom in both groups. Behavioral and emotional problems were the second most frequent symptoms in the CD and AD, respectively. The intelligent quotient was significantly higher in the AD than in the CD. The most common comorbidity was depression in the CD and personality disorder in the AD. The most common reason for visiting the hospital was referral by acquaintances in the CD and media coverage in the AD. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should put ADHD on the index of suspicion when they examine adults with various psychiatric symptoms, because the diagnosis of ADHD might have been missed in childhood and the symptoms of ADHD might have changed as they grew up.
Adolescent ; Adult* ; Comorbidity ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Friends ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Personality Disorders ; Referral and Consultation ; Retrospective Studies*

OBJECTIVE: Cross-sectional survey was performed to evaluate prevalence of allergic rhinitis and its causative allergens in people in rural area of Cheju Isl~and. Subject and METHOD: A total of 1,236 people with 1,055 children and 181 adults in rural area of Cheju Island were enrolled in this study. In children, 544 were males and 511 were females, and their mean age was 12.3(ranging from 7 to 16) years. In adults, 78 were males and 103 were females, and their mean age was 50.1 (ratging from 18 to 87) years. Evaluations included a questionnaire survey, and skin prick test with extracts of Japanese cedar (Cryptomera japonica, J cedar) pollen and citrus red mite (Panonychus citri, CRM) as well as eleven common inhalant allergens. RESULTS: Prevalence of chronic nasal symptoms was 40.6% (429/1,055) in children, and 45.8 % (83/181) in adults. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis based on positive nasal symptoms on the questionnaire and positive skin response to one or more of the 13 inhalant allergens were 15.4 % (159/1.035) in children, and 19.3% (35/181) in adults. Of 1,035 children, skin-test response was positive in 37.6%, and common sensitizing allergens in order of decreasing frequency were Dermatophagoides pteronpssinus (DP) (26.6%), D. farinae (DF)(22.6%), CRM(14.2%), cockroach(11.3%) and J cedar(9.7%). Of 181 adults, skin-test response was positive in 25.9%, and t,he most common sensitizing allergen was CRM(16.5%), followed by cockroach(11.0%), DP(9. 9%), DF(9.4%), and J cedar(6.6%). Of 159 children with allergic rhinitis, the common sensitizing allergens in order of deereasing frequency were DP(79.2%), DF(67.3%), CRM(35.8%), J cedar(32.7%), and cockroach(27.0%). Of 35 adults with allergic rhinitis, the most common sensitizing allergen was CRM(68.6%), followed by DP(40%), DF(34.3%), cockroach(34.3%), and J cedar(28.9%). CONCLUSION: Allergic rhinitis is a very common disease with a prevalence of 15.4% in children and 19.3% in adults in rural area of Cheju island, and common sensitizing allergens include house dust mite, citrus red mite, cockroach, and Japanese cedar pollen.
Adult ; Allergens* ; Child ; Citrus ; Cockroaches ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cryptomeria ; Female ; Humans ; Jeju-do* ; Male ; Mites ; Pollen ; Prevalence* ; Pyroglyphidae ; Rhinitis* ; Skin ; Surveys and Questionnaires