The purpose of this study is to identify the relation between functional limitation, functional disability and back pain during pregnancy. Data was collected by interview or self-report from 66 pregnant women between the gestational ages of 17 and 22 weeks who had experienced back pain from February 17 through July 28, 2001. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The prevalent mean week of back pain starting during pregnancy was 12.8. The mean pain intensity scores on the VAS during the past week and now were 5.6 and 3.7. The mean score on the functional limitations was 38.9. The mean score on the functional disability was 19.7. 2. The pain intensity on the past week was correlated with the pain intensity now (r=.339, p<0.01) and the functional limitations (r=.251, p<0.05). The pain intensity now was correlated with the functional limitations (r=.295, p<0.05) and the functional disability (r=.429, p<0.01). The functional limitations was correlated with the functional disability (r=.229, p<0.01). The higher pain intensity was the more functional limitation and functional disability occurred. 3. There was a statistically significant correlation between the pain intensity now and the type of housing (t=-2.051, p=.045), and back pain history before pregnancy (t=-2.429 p=.003). 4. There was a statistically significant correlation between the functional limitation and income (F=2.803, p=.047) and back pain history before pregnancy (t=-3.225, p=.002). There was a statistically significant correlation between the functional disability and back pain history before pregnancy (t=-3.058 p=.003). In conclusion, we found that a history of back pain was an important factor when predicting back pain and functional disability and limitation during pregnancy. The nurse and the prenatal educator should detect risk factors of back pain early in pregnancy and manage continuously though pregnancy.
Back Pain* ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Housing ; Humans ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Risk Factors

No abstract available.
Eating*

Cigarette smoking has been identified as the single most important source of preventable morbidity and mortality. Smoking behavior varies each individual, so individuality & subjectivity of smoking behavior must be specially focused upon to understand smoking behavior. The purpose of this study was to find attitudes of university students in the prediction of smoking behavior. Q-Methodological method was used as a research design and data were collected during the period from Jan. 1, 1997 to Feb. 28, 1998. As the research method, Q-statements were collected through in-depth interviews and a literature review. For the study 33 Q-statements were selected. There were 45 university students as subjects for the research. The 45 university students sorted the 33 statements using the principle of Forced Normal Distribution. The principle of Forced Normal Distribution, which has nine scales to measure the individual opinions, Pc Quanl program was used for analysis and Q-factors were analyzed by using principal component analysis. According to the results of this study, there were four categories of opinion about the smoking behavior in university students. The first type is seeking the habitual dependency: The second type is seeking the stress relief: The third type is seeking the active disapproval: The fourth type is seeking the self control. As a result, The meaning of the smoking behavior is affected by perceived subjective experience, so we need to understand each persons meaning of the smoking behavior and to develop appropriate nursing interventions based on the typology of smoking behavior. Finally, The result of the study will provide basic data for smoking prevention and cessation program.
Humans ; Individuality ; Mortality ; Nursing ; Principal Component Analysis ; Research Design ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Weights and Measures ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins*

PURPOSE: Among children who visited hospital because of short stature, malnutrition-related short stature(MRSS) is often observed. Most of these children showed significantly decreased appetite without medical cause. Leptin is a very important weight regulating protein through a feedback signal between adipose tissue and the satiety center. IGF-I and insulin are also very important weight regulating hormones with adipogenic and somatotropic effects. Therefore, we have undertaken this study to examine the levels of leptin, IGF-I and insulin in MRSS and to analyze the relationship among these growth factors. METHODS: Twenty children more than 5 years old, who visited Sanggye Paik Hospital due to poor growth were enrolled. Their weight and height are less than 10 percentile of the Korean weight standard curve. All subjects had no organic disorders and their growth hormone levels were normal. Twenty healthy children whose height and weight were between the 25-75 percentiles were enrolled as a control group. The serum levels of leptin, IGF-I and insulin were measured by RIA method. RESULTS: 1)Leptin concentration was significantly lower in the MRSS than in the control group(2.35+/-1.05 vs 3.20+/-2.31 ng/mL, P<0.05, Fig. 1). 2)IGF-I concentration was significantly lower in the MRSS than in the control group(176.4+/-93.1 vs 258.2+/-221.3 ng/mL, P<0.05, Fig. 2). 3)Insulin concentration was lower in the MRSS than in the control group but showed no significant differences(17.9+/-13.9 vs 21.8+/-14.0 microIU/mL, Fig. 3). 4)Leptin was positively correlated with body weight(r=0.49, P<0.05) and BMI (r=0.55, P=0.01) in the control group, but was not correlated in the MRSS group. 5)IGF-I was positively correlated with body weight(r=0.61, P<0.05) and height (r=0.56, P<0.05) and BMI(r=0.50, P=0.05) in the control group, but was not correlated in the MRSS group. 6)There were no correlations among leptin, IGF-I and insulin both in the control and MRSS group. CONCLUSION: We speculate that low leptin and IGF-I concentrations in MRSS group might be related to the result of a poor nutritional state and might be an adaptive mechanism to reduce energy expenditure to increase appetite. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of poor appetite and adaptational changes of leptin, IGF-I and insulin, further studies with more cases are needed.
Adipose Tissue ; Appetite* ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Energy Metabolism ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Insulin* ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Leptin*

No abstract available.
Growth Hormone*

Caring is the essence and it is the central and unifying domain for the body of knowledge and practice in nursing. However a clear conceptualization of what caring in nursing does not yet exist. The purpose of this study is to research the phenomenon of caring by obtaining verbal description of the experience of caring in handicapped children, to provide basic information for developing theory of caring, and to teach the humanism centered education. The study design was a descriptive study using phenomenological method. The subjects for this study were 26 nursing students who cared for handicapped children in S rehabilitation center form August, 24 to October. 29 1994. Van kamm's phenomenological method was used for the analysis of the datas. The results are as follows : The experience of caring was classified with 15 common elements and 61 descriptive expressions form 120 raw data. The common elements were
Disabled Children* ; Disabled Persons* ; Education ; Humanism ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Rehabilitation Centers ; Students, Nursing* ; Child Health

This is descripitive study conducted to identify educational needs of mothers of nephrotic syndrome patients and the degree of the importance of educational activity perceived by nurses who look after nephrotic syndrome patients. The study subject were composed of 60 mothers & 63 nurses of nephrotic syndrome patients whose children were hospitalized in 2 Pediatric wards of University Hospital in Seoul and 1 in Pusan from Mar. in 1997 to July 1997. A questionnaire for this study was item Kikert type 5 point scale, developed on the basis of previous literature and researcher's clinical experience and the reliability of the used instruments was alpha=.97. The data analysis was done by SAS. t-test, and ANOVA were done to determine the effect of general characteristics of subjects on their educational needs. T-test was done to measure relations between the degree of educational needs and importance of educational activity. The results were as follows. 1. The Educational needs of mothers ranked as the highest in home care. 2. In character of mothers, the degree of education, economic state, the number of child and occupation was significant in statistically. 3. The importance of educational activity of nurses ranked the highest in diagnosis and treatment of the disease. 4. The educational needs of nephrotic syn, children' mother and importance of nurses were different in diagnosis and treatment of the disease and home care. On the basis of these results, we suggest as follows. 1. It is proposed that nurses use these results of the study actively for the educational program for Nephrotic Syndrome patients and their mothers. 2. It is suggested to make a comparative study of the degree of nurses' understanding of the importance on educational items with the instruments of this study.
Busan ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Education* ; Home Care Services ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Occupations ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Immunostaining to identify nuclear antigen provides a convenient way of assessing proliferative kinetics in hyperplastic/tumor tissue. OBJECTIVE: The object of this study is to find out whether there are any differences in the expression of proliferation related protein among psoriasis, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma by immunohistochemical evaluation on the PCNA (proliferative cell nuclear antigen) and Ki-67. METHODS: The detection of PCNA and Ki-67 were done by,immunohistochemical methods (avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase methods) using respective monoclonal antibodies in the paraffin embeded tissues from psoriasis (17 cases), basal cell carcinomas (15 cases) and squamous cell carcinomas (10 cases). RESULTS: The labelling indices of PCNA were 14.2±4.0% in psoriasis, 10.9±5.5% in basal cell cardinoma and 28.0±7.8% in squamous cell carcinoma, while the labelling indices of Ki-67 were 15.7±3.8% in psoriasis, 11.26.1% in basal cell carcinoma and 30.3±9.4% in squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: 1. Interpretation of Ki-67 staining was easier than that for PCNA, mainly because cell morphology was better preserved and the distinction between hyperplastic/tumor and nontumor cell was clear. 2. PCNA and Ki-67 counts had strong correlation to each other (r=0.979). 3. Our immunohistochemical results of PCNA and Ki-67 suggested that proliferative activity was more marked in psoriasis than basal cell carcinoma.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Kinetics ; Paraffin ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen* ; Psoriasis*

This study was conducted to investigate food and meal preference of workers (435 male and 212 female) in the Chonnam Yeosu industrial area. The results of the survey were analyzed by principal components analysis. The results were obtained as follows: 19.3% of the subjects were twenties, 28.3% were thirties, 28.8% were forties and 23.7% were fifties. Females liked rice rolled in dried laver, rice cakes, janchi-noodle and breads, on the other hand males liked thick beef soup, loach soup, an eel stew and soju. The young liked instant noodles, fried chicken, sweet and sour pork, pork cutlet, pizza, hamburger, ham, sausage and fruit beverage, on the other hand the old liked a fish pot stew, loach soup, eel stew, fish boiled in soy with spices, panfried fish, sea slug, ascidian, bunder, green laver and boiled burdock-lotus root in soy. Females who are young liked hamburger and sweet and sour pork whereas males who are young liked instant noodles, pork cutlet, ham, sausage and fruit beverage. Aged females liked fish boiled in soy with spices, panfried fish, bunder, green laver, boiled burdock-lotus root in soy whereas aged males liked a fish pot stew, loach soup, eel stew, sea mussel and oysters. Boiled rice was located within the middle irrespective of age and sex, but noodles, wheat flour meal, fast foods and fruits were situated at the young female side. Aged males liked soup and pot stew. Young males liked meats and eggs whereas fish and shellfish and kimch were located at the aged people side. Aged females liked sea weeds and most people disliked vegetables but females liked some vegetables irrespective of age. Processed foods, salted foods, and alcohol were generally disliked foods by subjects but males liked those foods. Soybean curd was liked more males than females, and teas, except coffee, was liked by males.
Aged ; Beverages ; Bivalvia ; Bread ; Chickens ; Coffee ; Eels ; Eggs ; Fast Foods ; Female ; Flour ; Fruit ; Gastropoda ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Meat ; Ostreidae ; Ovum ; Shellfish ; Soybeans ; Spices ; Tea ; Triticum ; Urochordata ; Vegetables