Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by recurrent cessation of breathing due to complete or partial upper airway occlusion during sleep. The incompetent tone of palatal, pharngeal, and glossal muscles which fail to maintain airway patency during sleep causes narrowing of the airway dimension and increased resistance of breathing. The identification of the sites of upper airway obstruction in patients with OSA is important in understanding the pathogenesis and deciding the treatment modality of snoring and/or OSA. Various upper airway imaging modalities have been used to assess upper airway size and precise localization of the sites of upper airway obstruction during sleep. Dynamic imaging modalities enabled assessment of dimensional changes in the upper airway during respiration and sleep. This article focused on reviews of various upper airway imaging modalities, especially dynamic upper airway imaging studies providing important information on the pathogenesis of OSA.
Airway Obstruction ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Humans ; Muscles ; Respiration ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Snoring

In order to study species of the Fascioloidae in Korea, a series of morphological and taxonomical studies were carried out and the following results were obtained. Among the species of the Fascioloidae in Pusan area, intermediate form (F. indica?) were 70 percent, F. gigantica 25 percent and F. hepatica, 5 percent. None experimental, natural infective rate of the Fasciolosis was 3.3-3.4 percent among the cattles (Bos taurus var. domesticus) in Pusan area.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Fascioloidae ; F. gigantica ; F. hepatica ; taxonomy

No abstract available.
Glutathione Transferase* ; Glutathione* ; Schistosoma japonicum* ; Schistosoma*

This study was carried out to clarify the effect of dietary calcium, casein, and suet on the accumulation of cadmium in mice. It was performed for 30 days, from April 11 to May 10 1988. 90 mice were divided into 4 experimental groups and control group with 6 mice each dietary group, and measured survival rate, body weight, and weight ratio of organ to body. The contents of cadmium in liver, kidney, spleen, muscle and skin with hair, and faces were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after sacrifice by anesthesia. After 30 days, the survival rate of control group was 100%, but 66.7% in group IV(basal+Cd+Ca) with single dose of 100 microgram cadmium and with free-intake of water containing 50ppm cadmium, and group V(basal diet+Cd+suet) with free-intake of water containing 50ppm cadmium. The rate of weight gain in the case of single dose of 100 microgram cadmium was highest in group IV as 42.3% and lowest in group V as 26.0%, whereas in the cases of free intake group IV was highest as 24.0% and group II(basal diet+Cd) was lowest as 11.6%. The body weight, in the case of single dose of 100 microgram cadmium showed no increase until 5th day after acute poisoning. But in the case of free intake group, it showed very increase through all the breeding period. The weight ratio of organ to body were lowest in the liver of group II in both occasions. The most of cadmium administered were excreted through feces within 2 days after single dose of 100 microgram cadmium. The contents of cadmium in each group were significantly higher than those of control group. In the liver, kidney, spleen and muscle, group II showed the highest level in both occasions of 100 microgram single dose and free intake of water containing 50ppm cadmium. In the skin with hair, group II of the occasion with single dose of 100 microgram and group V with free intake showed the highest level. And the contents of cadmium in tissue were markedly higher in the occasion of free intake of water containing 50ppm cadmium. From the above results I would conclude that the addition of casein and calcium are effective in the inhibition of intension absorption of cadmium esp. by calcium.
Absorption ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Breeding ; Cadmium* ; Calcium ; Calcium, Dietary* ; Caseins* ; Feces ; Hair ; Kidney ; Liver ; Mice* ; Poisoning ; Skin ; Spleen ; Survival Rate ; Water ; Weight Gain

No abstract available.
Lung* ; Paragonimiasis* ; Perfusion*

Hemoglobin(Hb), zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP) and blood lead(PbB) levels were determined for 1,851 blood samples collected from healthy urban population to establish reliable baselines for Hb, ZPP and PbB levels by age and sex. ZPP values were analyzed with a Hmatofluorometer and PbB determinations were concurrently carried out using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The blood sampling period was about 6 months from May, 1991 and the summarized results were as follows; 1. The mean value of Hb in male female were 14.55+/-1.81 g/dl and 12.61+/-1.81 g/dl respectively and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 2. The mean value of ZPP in pre-schoolchildren was 37.49+/-13.31 microgram/dl for male, 35.77+/-11.85 microgram/dl for female and that of ZPP in after 7 years groups was 31.91+/-8.23 microgram/dl for male, 30.11+/-9.11 microgram/dl for female and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 3. The mean value of PbB in pre-schoolchildren was 25.10+/-5.21 microgram/dl for male, 24.45+/-4.18 microgram/dl for female and that of PbB in after 7 years groups was 24.28+/-3.00 microgram/dl for male, 21.99+/-5.05 microgram/dl for female and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05).
Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; Urban Population* ; Zinc*

No abstract available.
Drainage* ; Lung Abscess* ; Lung* ; Pneumothorax* ; Suppuration*

BACKGROUND: Generalized immune activation occurs early in the course of many infectious disease. Laboratory investigations have shown that immune activation can be quantified by the measurement of soluble immune activation products in serum. Soluble CD25, CD8, and CD4 are major immune activation products. Soluble CD8 and CD4 are indices of CD8+ T cell and CD4+T cell activity, respectively. OBJECTIVE: We estimated the concentrations of these molecules in patients with leprosy. METHODS: The study population consisted of 31 patients with tuberculoid leprosy and 71 patients with lepromatous leprosy(32 cases of M. leprae negative patients and 39 cases of M. leprae positive patients). Serum samples and clinical and laboratory data were collected form each patient and control. The levels of serum soluble CD25, CD8, and CD4 were measured by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The levels of serum soluble CD25 were significantly raised in leprosy patients as compared to control and did not vary signficantly between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. The soluble CD8 levels in the serum of patients with leprosy did not differ from the levels of the control. The levels of serum soluble CD4 were significantly decreased in the patients with lepromatous leprosy, but not in the patients with tuberculoid leprosy. However, there was no significant correlation between CD25, CD8, and cD4 and bacterial indices in patients with lepromatous leprosy. CONCLUSIONs: There data suggest that non-specific immune activation occurs the spectrum in leprosy, while CD4+ T cell activity is significantly decreased in patients with lepromatous leprosy.
Communicable Diseases ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Leprosy* ; Leprosy, Lepromatous ; Leprosy, Tuberculoid

Locally advanced cancer of the uterine cervix is a major cause of death worldwide. Standard treatment with rdiolherepy for locally advanced cancer of the uterine cnvix has a response rate of less than 50%. Resently concurrent chcmoradirothcrpay has been introduced but with some contvovesy. Interferon and retinoic acid are inducible proteins which posses many hiologic activities such as, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and antineoplastic properties. Combination of interferon and retinoic acid has produced high response rates especially for patients with squamous cell carcinoma . And they may potentiate the radiation cytotoxicity as adiosensitizer. This study was underaken to assess the clinical efficacy of combination regimen with interferon-alpha2a, 13-cis-retinoic acid and radiotherapy from Dec. 1988 to Dex. 1994 at Severance hospital Yonsei uniersity. Twenty seven patients of locally advanced squamous cell carcionma of the uterine cervix enrolled in this study are evaluated for response and toxicity. The results were as follow: 1. Preliminary results of interferon-alpha2a 13-cis-retinoic acid and radiotherapy are 46.7% of response rate(33.3% complete response)and those of concurrent chemoradiotherapy are 41.7% of response rate(46.7% complete response). 2. Major toxicity of interferon-alpha2a, 13-cis-retinoic acid and radiotherapy is fever(60.0%), and only case of grade 2 anemia and one case of grade 1 AST/ALT elevation was noted. There was no grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Systemic interferon-alpha2a, 13-cis-retinoc acid and radiotherapy is highly active, well tolerated therapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.
Anemia ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cause of Death ; Cervix Uteri* ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Female ; Humans ; Interferons ; Isotretinoin* ; Radiotherapy* ; Tretinoin ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Locally advanced cancer of the uterine cervix is a major cause of death worldwide. Standard treatment with rdiolherepy for locally advanced cancer of the uterine cnvix has a response rate of less than 50%. Resently concurrent chcmoradirothcrpay has been introduced but with some contvovesy. Interferon and retinoic acid are inducible proteins which posses many hiologic activities such as, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and antineoplastic properties. Combination of interferon and retinoic acid has produced high response rates especially for patients with squamous cell carcinoma . And they may potentiate the radiation cytotoxicity as adiosensitizer. This study was underaken to assess the clinical efficacy of combination regimen with interferon-alpha2a, 13-cis-retinoic acid and radiotherapy from Dec. 1988 to Dex. 1994 at Severance hospital Yonsei uniersity. Twenty seven patients of locally advanced squamous cell carcionma of the uterine cervix enrolled in this study are evaluated for response and toxicity. The results were as follow: 1. Preliminary results of interferon-alpha2a 13-cis-retinoic acid and radiotherapy are 46.7% of response rate(33.3% complete response)and those of concurrent chemoradiotherapy are 41.7% of response rate(46.7% complete response). 2. Major toxicity of interferon-alpha2a, 13-cis-retinoic acid and radiotherapy is fever(60.0%), and only case of grade 2 anemia and one case of grade 1 AST/ALT elevation was noted. There was no grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Systemic interferon-alpha2a, 13-cis-retinoc acid and radiotherapy is highly active, well tolerated therapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.
Anemia ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cause of Death ; Cervix Uteri* ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Female ; Humans ; Interferons ; Isotretinoin* ; Radiotherapy* ; Tretinoin ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms