Ground-glass opacity is a frequent but nonspecific finding seen on high-resolution CT scans of lung parenchyma. Histologically, this appearance is observed when thickening of the alveolar wall and septal interstitium is minimal or the alveolar lumen is partially filled with fluid, macrophage, neutrophils, or amorphous material. It has been shown that ground-glass opacity may be caused not only by an active inflammatory process but also by fibrotic processes. When a focal area of ground-glass opacity persists or increases in size, the possibility of neoplasm-bronchioloalveolar carcinoma or adenoma, or lymphoma, for example- should be considered. Diffuse nonsegmental ground-glass opacity in both lung fields was incidentally found on follow up abdominal CT in a stomach cancer patient and signet-ring cell-type metastatic lung cancer was confirmed by transbronchial lung biopsy. We report a case of diffuse ground-glass opacity seen in metastatic lung cancer from adenocarcinoma of the stomach.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Adenoma ; Biopsy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung* ; Lymphoma ; Macrophages ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Neutrophils ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Stomach* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Duodenal varices can result from portal hypertension regardless of the etiologies of liver cirrhosis. Bleeding from duodenal varices is rare but often severe and life threatening. Treatment modalities of duodenal varices include endoscopic sclerotherapy, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and surgery. As an initial treatment, endoscopic sclerotherapy is recommended due to easy accessibility but has limited success in controlling active duodenal variceal bleeding. In this case, we report a spurting duodenal varix treated with Histoacryl(R) injection in a 48-year-old woman with secondary biliary cirrhosis. Endoscopic sclerotherapy with Histoacryl(R) is a useful therapeutic measure in the treatment of bleeding duodenal varix.
Esophageal and Gastric Varices* ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary* ; Middle Aged ; Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical ; Sclerotherapy* ; Varicose Veins

The increasing number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Korea has prompted interest in using the national surveillance system as a database for studying their health. To investigate the relationships between socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics and mortality rates, a nationwide retrospective cohort was formed by integrating surveillance data with the Cause of Death Statistics from Statistics Korea. This integration included incidence reports, epidemiological investigations, and death reports from the surveillance data, enriched with detailed mortality information from the Cause of Death data. The cohort comprised 17,199 adult Korean individuals diagnosed with HIV infection from 1985 to 2020. By the end of 2020, 2,721 of these individuals were confirmed deceased. The sex ratio of the study participants was 14.3:1.0 (male to female), with 78.2% being under 50 years old at the time of diagnosis. Sexual contact was identified as the primary transmission route, accounting for 75.7% of cases. HIV disease emerged as the predominant cause of death, representing two-thirds (1,817 of 2,721) of the fatalities, followed by injuries and trauma, malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. Recommendations for further cohort studies may be submitted to the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.

The increasing number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Korea has prompted interest in using the national surveillance system as a database for studying their health. To investigate the relationships between socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics and mortality rates, a nationwide retrospective cohort was formed by integrating surveillance data with the Cause of Death Statistics from Statistics Korea. This integration included incidence reports, epidemiological investigations, and death reports from the surveillance data, enriched with detailed mortality information from the Cause of Death data. The cohort comprised 17,199 adult Korean individuals diagnosed with HIV infection from 1985 to 2020. By the end of 2020, 2,721 of these individuals were confirmed deceased. The sex ratio of the study participants was 14.3:1.0 (male to female), with 78.2% being under 50 years old at the time of diagnosis. Sexual contact was identified as the primary transmission route, accounting for 75.7% of cases. HIV disease emerged as the predominant cause of death, representing two-thirds (1,817 of 2,721) of the fatalities, followed by injuries and trauma, malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. Recommendations for further cohort studies may be submitted to the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.

The increasing number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Korea has prompted interest in using the national surveillance system as a database for studying their health. To investigate the relationships between socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics and mortality rates, a nationwide retrospective cohort was formed by integrating surveillance data with the Cause of Death Statistics from Statistics Korea. This integration included incidence reports, epidemiological investigations, and death reports from the surveillance data, enriched with detailed mortality information from the Cause of Death data. The cohort comprised 17,199 adult Korean individuals diagnosed with HIV infection from 1985 to 2020. By the end of 2020, 2,721 of these individuals were confirmed deceased. The sex ratio of the study participants was 14.3:1.0 (male to female), with 78.2% being under 50 years old at the time of diagnosis. Sexual contact was identified as the primary transmission route, accounting for 75.7% of cases. HIV disease emerged as the predominant cause of death, representing two-thirds (1,817 of 2,721) of the fatalities, followed by injuries and trauma, malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. Recommendations for further cohort studies may be submitted to the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.

The increasing number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Korea has prompted interest in using the national surveillance system as a database for studying their health. To investigate the relationships between socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics and mortality rates, a nationwide retrospective cohort was formed by integrating surveillance data with the Cause of Death Statistics from Statistics Korea. This integration included incidence reports, epidemiological investigations, and death reports from the surveillance data, enriched with detailed mortality information from the Cause of Death data. The cohort comprised 17,199 adult Korean individuals diagnosed with HIV infection from 1985 to 2020. By the end of 2020, 2,721 of these individuals were confirmed deceased. The sex ratio of the study participants was 14.3:1.0 (male to female), with 78.2% being under 50 years old at the time of diagnosis. Sexual contact was identified as the primary transmission route, accounting for 75.7% of cases. HIV disease emerged as the predominant cause of death, representing two-thirds (1,817 of 2,721) of the fatalities, followed by injuries and trauma, malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. Recommendations for further cohort studies may be submitted to the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.

Objectives: Public health workers have been at the forefront of treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and managing the pandemic. The redeployment of this workforce has limited or interrupted other public health services, including testing for humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study aims to examine the impact of COVID-19 on HIVtesting and diagnosis in the Republic of Korea from 2016 to 2021, comparing data before and after the onset of COVID-19. Methods: Annual HIV testing data were collected from each institution through direct communication or from open-source databases. The annual number of new HIV cases was obtained from the official report of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Data on healthcare visits for HIV diagnosis or treatment were extracted from the open-source database of the National Insurance Health Service of Korea. Interrupted time series regression was conducted, stratified by institution type. Results: In 2020, HIV tests, diagnoses, and visits decreased. Notably, public health centers experienced a substantial reduction in 2020−2021 compared to previous years. The annual percentage change in HIV tests was −53.0%, while for HIV diagnoses, it was −31.6%. The decrease in visits for HIV was also most pronounced for public facilities: −33.3% in 2020 and −45.6% in 2021 relative to 2019. Conclusion The numbers of tests, diagnoses, and healthcare visits for HIV at public healthcenters in the Republic of Korea substantially decreased in 2020 and 2021. The impacts of thesechanges on the early diagnosis and treatment of HIV necessitate further monitoring.

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was done to evaluate the effects of digital image processing techniques on the detectability of simulated pulmonary nodules and cysts in chest radiographs. Image processing techniques used were the contrast inversion, unsharp masking, and filtered equalization method. Simulated pulmonary nodules and cysts were generated by the computed program using Turbo-C language for personal computer. Each processed and unprocessed image sets of sixty images with pulmonary nodules and cysts and one hundred and twenty normal images were analyzed by three board-certified radiologists and four senior residents training in diagnostic radiology by five rating category. Area under the ROC curve was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Mean area under the ROC curve of seven radiologists of the unprocessed image was 0.6360±0.0583, contrast inversion was 0.5660±0.0478, unsharp masking was 0.7534±0.0355 and filtered equalization was 0.6915±0.0472. Unsharp masking(p<0.01) and filtered equalization image(p<0.05) was statistically significant than unprocessed image. Digital chest radiographs processed by the unsharp masking method significantly increased the detectability of simulated pulmonary nodules and cysts overlapped with mediastinum and pulmonary cysts in free lung fields.
Lung ; Masks ; Mediastinum ; Methods ; Microcomputers ; Radiography, Thoracic* ; ROC Curve ; Thorax*

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the usefulness of MR imaging and MR angiography in the evaluation of patients whohave undergone surgery for DeBakey type1 or 2 aortic dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients who hadundergone surgery for DeBakey type I(n=13) or type II(n=6) aortic dissection were included in our study. Graftinterposition had been performed in 11 patients, ascending aorta replacement in five, and hemi-arch or total archreplacement in three. MRI was performed 3-40 months(mean:12.5) months after surgery. Twenty(turbo) spin-echo MRimages and 12 contrast-enhanced MR angiographs(3-D FISP) of 19 patients were retrospectively analyzed with regardto perigraft site(perigraft thickness or thrombus), graft site(anastomotic site, deformity of graft), status ofremnant false lumen(remnant intimal flap, flow in false lumen, size, and shape), and involvement of arch vessels. RESULTS: Perigraft sites were demonstrated on spin-echo axial images (9/11), and in no case was theredemonstrable hematoma or perigraft flow. Distal anastomotic sites were identifiable in 17 of 20 cases, and graftredundancy was noted in eight. Remnant false lumen distal to the graft vessel was present in all patients who hadundergone DeBakey type 1 aortic dissection(n=14). Flow in the false lumen was also demonstrated in all DeBakeytype 1 cases on spin-echo images and MR angiography. Remnant false lumen increased in size in six of 14 cases, andtended to show a concave margin to true lumen compared with preoperative imaging. In 8 of 9 patients whose archvessels had been preoperatively involved, intimal flaps in arch vessels remained. CONCLUSION: MR imaging is auseful tool for the postoperative assessment of patients who have undergone aortic dissection. In addition,remnant intimal flap, flow dynamics in false lumen, and involvement of arch vessels can be easily identified by MRangiography.
Angiography* ; Aorta ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Transplants

PURPOSE: To compare the usefulness of Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography(Gd-MRA) with spin-echo(SE) MRI forthe evalvation of acute aortic dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a recent one-year period weretrospectively reviewed the results of SE MRI and Gd-MRA in 14 patients (10 males, 4 females; mean age 57 years)with acute aortic dissection. DeBakey type I was found in six patients, DeBakey type II in one, and DeBakey typeIII in seven. MR techniques were as follows. First, multislice multiphase images were obtained in axial, coronaland oblique sagittal planes using SE T1WI(TR/TE/flip angle=600/14/90; acquisition time=25min), and images ofselected slices were obtained using breath-hold turbo SE T2WI(TR/TE/flip angle=800/76/160). Second, breath-holdGd-MRA imaging (3D-FISP; TR/TE/Flip angle=4.2/1.7/25; acquisition time=1min) was performed, with oblique sagittal(arch view) orientation. We compared 14 SE MRI images with nine thoracic and five abdominal Gd-MRA images,evalvating the presence and extent of intimal flap, entry and reentry tear, thrombus in false lumen (andcomparison to true lumen), the involvement of major branching vessels of the aortic arch, the origin of majorabdominal branching vessels, the presence of hemothorax and hemopericardium. RESULTS: Both SE MRI and Gd-MRA veryaccurately detected the extent of intimal flap, and false lumen status. For detecting the site of entry tear, andthe involvement of major branching vessels at the aortic arch, Gd-MRA(n=12) was more accurate than SE MRI(n=7).When used to image 20 vessels in five patients, Gd-MRA identified with perfect accuracy the origin of majorabdominal branching vessels; SE MRI, however, demonstrated only six of 20 vessels. SE MRI, however, was muchsuperior for the identification of complications such as hemothorax(n=9) and hemopericardium(n=2); in thisrespect, Gd-MRA failed completely. CONCLUSION: For the evaluation of patients with acute aortic dissection, Gd-MRAprovides information regarding site of entry tear and the involvement of major branching vessels very much fasterthan SE-MRI. In such cases, Gd-MRA can therefore be used for initial investigatory imaging.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Female ; Gadolinium* ; Hemothorax ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pericardial Effusion ; Thrombosis