The present study evaluates the effects of calcium sulfate and DFDB on alveolar bone regeneration and cementum formation and connective tissue adhesion in intrabony angulated 1 wall defects of dogs. Four millimeter-deep angulated one-wall intrabony defects were surgically created in the mesial & distal aspects of premolars and with flap operaion alone(control group), with calcium sulfate(experimental group 1), with composit graft of 50% calcium sulfate and 50% DFDB(experimental group 2), with DFDB alone(experimental group 3). Histologic analysis following 8 weeks of healing revealed the following results: 1. The lengths of connective tissue adhesion was 1.05+/-0.48mm in the control, 1.30+/-0.67mm in the test group I, 0.97+/-0.22mm in the test group II and 0.93+/-0.15mm in the test group III. There was no statistical significance between control and all experimental groups. 2. Changes in alveolar bone level was 0.97+/-0.27mm in the control group, 1.45+/-0.42mm in the test group I, 2.00+/-0.33mm in the test group II , 1.88+/-0.34mm in the test group III. There was no statistically significant difference between control and experimental group I. There was a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental group II,III.(p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between all experimental group. 3. Cementum formation was 1.13+/-0.17mm in the control, 1.78+/-0.31mm in the test group I, 2.17+/-0.38mm in the test group II, 2.15+/-0.47mm in the test group III with statistically significant differences between control group and all experimental group(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant differences between all experimental group. These results suggest that the use of composit graft of 50% calcium sulfate and 50% DFDB and DFDB alone in angulated 1 wall intrabony defects has little effects on connective tissue adhesion, but has significant effects on new bone and new cementum formations.
Animals ; Bicuspid ; Bone Regeneration ; Calcium Sulfate* ; Calcium* ; Connective Tissue ; Dental Cementum ; Dogs* ; Transplants*

Numerous bone graft materials have been used in Periodontics, in an attempt to reach the main goal of periodontal therapy, i.e. the regeneration of periodontal tissue lost due to destructive periodontal diseases. The present study investigates the effect of composite graft of DFDB and Calcium sulfate with and without Calcium sulfate barrier in Periodontal 1-wall intrabony defects in dogs. Following the initiation of general anesthesia by I.V. administration of 40mg/Kg of Pentobabital, second premolar was extracted and full thickness flap elevated. The crown portion of premolars was removed. Exposed root canals were sealed with Caviton and covered completely with flap. After the healing period of 8 weeks, the surgical sites were re-opened and 1-wall intrabony defects were created, and treated with flap operation alone(control group), with composit graft of 80% DFDB and 20% Calcium sulfate(Experimental group 1), with composite graft of DFDB and calcium sulfate with calcium sulfate membrane(Experimental group 2). Healing response was histologically observed after 8 weeks and the results were as follows: 1. New bone formation was 70 % in the control group, 93 % in the Experimental group I, 89 % in the Experimental group II. There was a no differences between Experimental groups. 2. New cementum formation was not significantly different between control and two Experimental groups. 3. The length of connective tissue adhesion was 30 % in the control, 7% in the Experimental group I and 11 % in the Experimental group II. 4. After 8weeks, calcium sulfate was completely resorbed, while DFDB particle remained. These results suggest that the use of composite graft of allogenic DFDB and Calcium sulfate with and without Calcium sulfate barrier in periodontal 1 wall intrabony defects have little effect on connective tissue adhesion, but has beneficial effect on new alveolar bone and new cementum formation, and prevent downgrowth of epithelium and connective tissue effectively.
Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Bicuspid ; Calcium Sulfate* ; Calcium* ; Connective Tissue ; Crowns ; Dental Cementum ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Dogs* ; Epithelium ; Osteogenesis ; Periodontal Diseases ; Periodontics ; Regeneration ; Transplants*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the width of attached gingiva of 414 subjects with healthy gingiva, or early stage of gingivitis. We compared the differences according to the tooth location, age (Yonger group : 14~30, Older group : 31~67) and gender. In addition, we compared the width of attached gingiva in the subjects with less than 2 sites of gingival recession(Re< or =2) and the subjects with more than 3 sites of gingival recession(Re> or =3) to study the relationship between the gingival recession and the width of attached gingiva. The results were as follows : 1. The width of keratinized gingiva was widest in maxillary incisors(5.3+/-1.4mm) and narrowest in mandibular right 1st bicuspid and mandibular right and left 2nd molars(3.5+/-1.1mm). 2. The width of attached gingiva was widest in maxillary right central incisor(3.8+/-1.5mm) and narrowest in mandibular right 2nd molar(1.2+/-1.0mm). 3. In the comparison between the age groups, the width of keratinized in older group was significantly(p<0.05) wider than that in younger group in maxillary right and left 1st bicuspids, mandibular right and left 1st and 2nd molars, maxillary right and left cuspids and mandibular right 1st bicuspid. There was no significant difference in the width of attached gingiva between the two groups except for maxillary right and left 1st molars and maxillary left 2nd molar. 4. In the comparison between male group and female group, in maxillary right and and left lateral incisors and cuspids, mandibular right and left cuspids and 1st bicuspids, the width of attached gingiva in female was significantly(p<0.05) wider than that in male group. 5. In the comparison between the Re 3 group and Re 2 group, there was no significant difference except for maxillary right and left 2nd molars and maxillary left 1st molar. 6. The frequency of gingival recession was in the order of mandibular right 1st bicuspid(16.6%), maxillary right 1st bicuspid(13.7%), maxillary and mandibular left 1st bicuspids(13.4%), mandibular left cuspid(10.5%), maxillary left and mandibular right cuspids(10.1%) and maxillary right cuspid(7.9%).
Bicuspid ; Cuspid ; Female ; Gingiva* ; Gingival Recession ; Gingivitis* ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Molar ; Tooth

Tooth mobility may be the decisive factor that determines whether dental treatment of any kind is undertaken. Although tooth mobility in isolation says little in itself, the finding of increased tooth mobility is of both diagnostic and prognostic importance. Only the detection of an increase or decrease in mobility makes an evaluation possible. Thus prior to treatment, we must understand the pathologic process causing the observed the tooth mobility and decide whether the pattern and degree of observed tooth mobility is reversible or irreversible. And then it must be decided whether retention and treatment or extraction and replacement. The purpose of this study was to compare tooth mobility at different time period during root planing and flap operation and to relate changes in mobility to each treatment method. Twenty-one patients (287 teeth) with chronic adult periodontitis were treated with root planing(control group) and flap operation(experimental group), and each group was divided 3 subgroups based upon initial probing pocket depth (1-3mm, 4-6mm, 7mm and more). Tooth mobility was measured with Periotest (R) at the day of operation, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks after each treatment. Tooth mobility, attachment loss, radiographic bone loss, and bleeding on probing were measured at the day of operation, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment. 1.In group initial probing depth was 1-3mm, tooth mobility had no significant difference after root planing and flap operation. 2.In group initial probing depth was 4-6mm, 7mm and more, tooth mobility had decreased in 12 weeks after root planing(p<0.01). And the mobility had increased after flap operation(p<0.01) and was at peak in 1 week, and decreased at initial level in 4 weeks, below the initial level in 12 weeks(p<0.01). 3.In 1 week, significant difference in tooth mobility between control and experimental group was found(p<0.01) but, in 12 weeks no difference between two groups was found. 4.Change of immediate tooth mobility after treatment was more larger in deep pocket than in shallow one. In group with the same probing pocket depth, the change of tooth mobility in molar group was greater than that of premolar group. 5.Tooth mobility before treatment was more strongly correlated with radiographic bone loss(r=0.5325) than probing depth, attachment loss and bleeding on probing, in 12 weeks after treatment, was more strongly correlated with attachment loss(r2=0.4761) than probing depth and bleeding on probing. Evaluation of the treatment effect and the prognosis after root planing and flap operation were meaningful on tooth initial probing depth 4mm and more. After flap operation, evaluation of the prognosis should be performed at least in 4 weeks and in 12 weeks after treatment, no difference in tooth mobility between two groups was observed. Radiographic bone loss and attachment loss were good clinical indicators to evaluate tooth mobility.
Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

In order to observe the effects of Nicotine and NNK on cultured human gingival fibroblast, several factors were examined including mutagenicity, the number of cells attached culture plate surface through MTT test, the abundance of collagen & collagenase in mRNA level and collagenolytic activity in extracellular matrix. The results were as follows; 1. Regardless of the co-existence of S9, Nicotine did not show the mutagenicity by itself and NNK by itself showd the same result; However, dose related mutagenicity was shown in NNK with S9. 2. The number of fibroblasts attached cultured plate surface was measured by MTT procedure. The number of cells in Non-smokers increased at all time periods as compared to those of smoker. 3. Non-smoker's fibroblast treated by NNK or Nicotine was dose-dependently decreased in the number of cells when compared to untreated control. In higher dose, Nicotine showed the cellular toxicity , but NNK did not. 4. No change in the abundance of mRNA for proalpha1 and proalpha2 was shown in Nicotine treated group but in gingival fibroblasts following treatment with NNK, the abundance of mRNA for proalpha1, but not proalpha2 collagen was decreased. 5. The abundance of mRNA for collagenase was decreased when NNK was treated but no change occurred in Nicotine treated group. 6. The effect of NNK and Nicotine in collagenolytic activity showed that ,collagenase activity exclusively react to type I collagen, was increased in both group, but gelatinase exclusively react to type IV collagen was not influenced at all. Collagenase activity of smoker's fibroblast was also increased as much as Nicotine and NNK group. The findings suggest that both of Nicotine and NNK lead gingival fibroblast to decrease in the abundance of collagen. And it seems to be that Nicotine and NNK have independent pathway toward the gingival fibroblast.
Humans

The 16S rRNA analyzing method is a bacterial identification method that is useful in identifying bacteria which is difficult to do by other means. The following 7 types of bacteria which are Treponema, A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, Fusobacterium, B. forsythus, P. intermedia, P. micros were evaluated in order to study their distribution among patients with adult periodontitis. The 16S rRNA analyzing method was used to compare bacterial distribution among 3 groups. Subgingival plaque acquired from the affected sites(pocket depth > or =6mm)of 29 patients with adult periodontitis were grouped as the experimental group while plaque from the non-affected sites(pocket depth< or =3mm)were grouped as control 2 and finally plaque acquired from students with healthy periodontal tissues were grouped as control 1. The results are as follows; 1. The distribution of Treponema was 12.5% for control 1, 21.4% for control 2 and 75.4% for the experimental group. For A. actinomycetemcomitans the distribution was 0.5%, 19.0%, 44.4% in respect to the order of groups mentioned above. P.gingivalis showed 10.5%, 43.1%, 94.0% distribution, Fusobacterium 33.0%, 48.3%, 81.0% distribution, B. forsythus 9.5%, 17.2%, 65.9% distribution, P. intermedia 1.0%, 12.1%, 26.3% distribution and finally P. micros 5.0%, 19.0%, 48.7% respectively. In all 7 types of bacteria, the experimental group showed higher bacterial distribution compared to the other two groups with statistically significant difference. 2. In the case of Treponema, A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis,Fusobacterium, B. forsythus, P. intermedia, P. micros showed significant difference between control 1 and 2. These results suggest that the 16S rRNA analyzing method which was applied on Koreans for the first time could be utilized and useful in finding potential pathogens of periodontal disease.
Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans

The purpose of this study was to make and ascertain a decision making process on the base of patient-oriented utilitarianism in the treatment of patients of chronic adult periodontitis. Fifty subjects were chosen in Yonsei Dental hospital and the other fifty were chosen in Severance dental hospital according to the selection criteria. Fifty four patients agreed in this study. NS group(N=32) was treated with scaling and root planing without any surgical intervention, the other S group(N=22) done with flap operation. During the active treatment and healing time, all patients of both groups were educated about the importance of oral hygiene and controlled every visit to the hospital. When periodontal treatment needed according to the diagnostic results, some patients were subjected to professional tooth cleaning and scaling once every 3 months according to an individually designed oral hygienic protocol. Probing depth was recorded on baseline and 18 months after treatments. A questionnaire composed of 6 kinds(hygienic easiness, hypersensitivity, post treatment comfort, complication, functional comfort, compliance) of questions was delivered to each patient to obtain the subjective evaluation regarding the results of therapy. The decision tree for the treatment of adult periodontal disease was made on the result of 2 kinds of periodontal treatment and patient's ubjective evaluation. The optimal path was calculated by using the success rate of the results as the probability and utility according to relative value and the economic value in the insurance system. The success rate to achieve the diagnostic goal of periodontal treatment as the remaining pocket depth less than 3mm and without BOP was 0.83+/-0.12 by non surgical treatment and 0.82+/-0.14 by surgical treatment without any statistically significant difference. The moderate success rate of more than 4mm probing pocket depth were 0.17 together. The utilities of non-surgical treatment results were 100 for a result with less than 3mm probing pocket depth, 80 for the other results with more than 4mm probing pocket depth, 0 for the extraction. Those of surgical treatment results were the same except 75 for the results with more than 4mm. The pooling results of subjective evaluation by using a questionnaire were 60% for satisfaction level and 40% for no satisfaction level in the patient group receiving non-surgical treatment and 33% and 67% in the other group receiving surgical treatment. The utilities for 4 satisfaction levels were 100, 75, 60, 50 on the base of that the patient would express the satisfaction level with normal distribution. The optimal path of periodontal treatment was rolled back by timing the utility on terminal node and the success rate, the distributed ratio of patient's satisfaction level. Both results of the calculation was non surgical treatment. Therefore, it can be said that non-surgical treatment may be the optimal path for this decision tree of treatment protocol if the goal of the periodontal treatment is to achieve the remaining probing pocket depth of less than 3mm for adult chronic periodontitis and if the utilitarian philosophy to maximise the expected utility for the patients is advocated.
Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans

The use of laser in the treatment of soft tissue minimizes hemorrhage, provides better view of the operating field, and thereby minimizes operating time. Also, there will be far less post-operative swelling, pain and scar formation, and sterilizing effect are shown in some portions of the wound site. All these advantages of laser therapy contribute to its widespread use in the field of medicine and dentistry. Regarding such facts, we used CO2 laser of different watts in gingivectomy for white rats to compare initial healing process. For the control group, the least amount of output in performing gingivectomy(4watts) was offered, and for the experimental group, 6watts was given. Animals were sacrificed on the second, third days, 1 weeks, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks after operation, and their specimens were histologically analyzed. The following results were obtained: 1. Blood clot of small size was observed in both the control and experimental groups after two days, and no more thereafter. 2. In both the control and experimental groups, the inflammation zone size was the greatest after two days, and it decreased gradually to become almost invisble by the second week. The experimental group showed larger size of inflammation zone during second and third days; however, there was no difference after one week. 3. Granulation tissue in both the control and experimental groups showed gradual maturation with time, and by the second week, it was almost replaced by normal connective tissue. By the third week, complete healing pattern was observed. The experimental group showed larger granulation tissue than the control group until the third day, but there was no significant difference after one week. 4. In both the control and experimental groups, gingival epithelialization began on the second day. After one week, regeneration of rete peg and partial formation of junctional epithelium were observed; by the second week, keratinization of oral sulcular epithelium began, and it was completed by the third week.
Animals ; Cicatrix ; Connective Tissue ; Dentistry ; Epithelial Attachment ; Epithelium ; Gingivectomy* ; Granulation Tissue ; Hemorrhage ; Inflammation ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Gas* ; Rats* ; Regeneration ; Wounds and Injuries