Innate immunity and adaptive immunity are two major immune responses against pathogens. Innate immunity is responsible for the immediate immune response to pathogens. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role in innate immune response. PRRs recognize regular patterns of molecule structure known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Among the PRRs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors (DAI) display key roles in response to viral infections. This article reviews how viral infections activate PRR-PAMP signal pathways and how viruses evade immune responses elicited by PRR signal pathways.
Adaptive Immunity ; Immune System ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon Regulatory Factors ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors

No abstract available.
Female ; Meigs Syndrome*

Severe irradiation on head may result functional alterations of central nervous system. In this study, the irradiation effect on the cerebellar cortex following heavy X-irradiation on head was studied ultrastructurally. Radiation was produced with the linear accelerator ML-4MV[Mitshubishi Co.], and rats weighing about 200gm each were exposed their heads within the radiation areas of 30cm x 30cm, under the radiation distance of 80cm, and with the radiation depth of 1.2 cm. Radiation doses were 3,000rads or 6,000rads, respectively. Animals were sacrificed on 6 hours, 2 days or 6 days following the radiation. Under anesthesia, animals were perfused with 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution. Two hours after the perfusion, brain were taken out and refixed over night in the perfusion fixative. Small blocks of cerebellar hemispheric cortices were refixed 2 hours in 2% osmium tetroxide solution. Fixed tissues were dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in araldite mixture, and cut with ultratome. Ultrathin sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solutions, and observed with electron microscope. The results obstained were as follow : 1. On 6th hour following X-irradiations, many cerebellar cortical neurons showed increased electron densities, more complicated nuclear infoldings, depletion of synaptic vesicles, expansion of astroglial territories, etc. 2. On 2nd day following X-irradiations, many organelle-rich cells such as Purkinje cells and Golgi cells were darkly degenerated. Numerous myelin figures formed by the cisternal fusions of Golgi apparatus or granular endoplasmic reticula were observed. Cytoplasmic processes of activated astroglial cells were expanded around capillaries and between granule cells. 3. On 6th day following X-irradiations, morphology of neuropil and neurones in the cerebellar cortex was generally restored, except the expanded territories of astroglial cells. From the above results, it was concluded that the release ofneurotransmitters and transcapillary leakage of blood substance were occurred on 6 hours after heavy X-irradiations. And severe alterations were produced on 2 day after X-irradiation, but the condition was generally restored on 6th day following X-irradiation.
Anesthesia ; Animals ; Brain ; Capillaries ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebellar Cortex* ; Citric Acid ; Cytoplasm ; Golgi Apparatus ; Head ; Myelin Sheath ; Neurons ; Neuropil ; Osmium Tetroxide ; Particle Accelerators ; Perfusion ; Purkinje Cells ; Radiation Effects* ; Rats* ; Synaptic Vesicles

Bone injuries of the extremities can be found in 0.2-2% of all living newborns. The most common location of the fracture was clavicle, and followed by humerus, femur in orders. Fractures of the femur are relatively rare. Authors have analyzed 9 cases of the femoral shaft fractures in the newborns, treated at Severence Hospital from January 1985 to March 1992. Seven cases were born by Cesarean section, two cases were by normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. Vertex presentation were three cases, breech presentation were five cases, and transverse presentation was one case. The mean birth weight was 2.93kg and four cases were born in prematurity. The location of fracture were seven cases in proximal shaft, one case in mid shaft, and one case in distal shaft. The type of fracture were all spiral fracture except two fractures. Five cases were treated by splint and 4 cases were treated by traction method. No further immobilization was needed for 8 cases but two weeks long leg cast after splint was applied for one case. Two cases of complication were noted. Skin necrosis developed due to the traction to the popliteal fossa and minimal anterior angulation of femora, and no functional deficit were found, but bony protrusion of proximal femora were palpated.
Birth Weight ; Breech Presentation ; Cesarean Section ; Clavicle ; Extremities ; Female ; Femur ; Humans ; Humerus ; Immobilization ; Infant, Newborn ; Leg ; Methods ; Necrosis ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Skin ; Splints ; Traction

The hamate fracture is very rare condition. The mechanism of fracture may be attributed to direct trauma by rolling down. We have experienced a case of fracture of the body of the hamate bone. It was treated by conservative method. The result was satisfactory with conservative treatment without traumatic arthritis, nonunion, ulnar nerve palsy, flexor digitorum profundus tendinitis & limitation of motion. A case of fracture of the body of the hamate bone is reported with brief review of literature.
Arthritis ; Hamate Bone ; Methods ; Tendinopathy ; Ulnar Neuropathies

Pyogenic arthritis remain a difficult problem, despite the availability of a wide range of powerful modernantibiotics. Early and correct diagnosis is imperative to assure the prompt initiation of an effective therapeuticregimen and the prevent of late sequela. Careful clinical, laboratory and roentgenological analysis arefundamental to early and precise diagnosis. Therefore, plain roentgenogram shold not be overlooked. A radiologicaland clinical observation was made in 51 cases of pyogenic arthritis admittted to Chosun University Hospital duringthe period from January 1976 to Dec. 1983 and following results were obtained. 1. Among the 51 cases, 36 cases(70.6%) were male and 15 cases(29.4%) were females. The most prevalent age was 5 to 9 (27.6%). 2. Symptom durationless than 5 days was in 21 cases (41.2%) and more than 31 days was in 6 cases (11.7%). 3. The most common symptomon admission was pain around the involved joint and others are limitation of motion, swelling, tenderness, fever,local heating and erythema. 4. The underlying causes were composed of unknown in 21 cases(41.2%), trauma in 18cases(35.3%), infections focus in 8 cases (15.7%) and iatrogenic reasone 4 cases(7.8%) 5. The msot commonlyaffected joint was hip joint (45.1%). The other affected sites in order of frequency were knee, ankle, shoulder,S-I and elbow joint. In infants and children, hip and knee joint are commonly affected; In adults, knee joint ismost commonly affected. 6. In laboratory findings, the number of W.B.C and E.S.R were increased in 56.9%. Symptomduration more than 31 days in 5 cases were increased E.S,R only. Causative microorganism was isolated in 31 cases;the most common microorganism was Staphylococcus auterus in 22 cases. Others are B-hemolytic Streptococcus,Enterobacteriaceae species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 7. In 26 cases(50.9%) of the patients, roentgenographicfinding was negative. The most common radiological findig was soft tissue swelling and the others are include inorder of frequency: joint space widening, small erosions in articular cortex, subchondral osteoporosis. The comonradiological findings of symptom duration more than 31 days in 6 cases were lost of entire cortex, ankylosis andjoint space narrwoing.
Adult ; Ankle ; Ankylosis ; Arthritis ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Elbow Joint ; Erythema ; Female ; Heating ; Hip ; Hip Joint ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Infant ; Joints ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Male ; Osteoporosis ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Staphylococcus

No abstract available.
Airway Management* ; Humans ; Neck*

An increase in the dose of chemotherapy enhances the response of many experimental and clinical cancers, but the extent of chemotherapy dose escalation and repeated use is often limited by myelosuppression. The side effects of chemotherapy including bleeding and infection due to myelosuppression have resulted in delayed therapy and a reduction in the therapeutic dose, therefore it is necessary to overcome myelosuppression especially leukopenia in patients with gynecologic malignancies who recieved chemotherapy. This study is undertaken to investigate the clinical effects of rhG-CSF(recombinant human Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) in 29 patients with gynecologic malignancy who recieved chemotherapy. It was given at a dose of 100 microgram bid/day subcutaneously until significantly increase of leukocyte count in leukopenic patient. The results showed, the rhG-CSF has significantly increased the number and function of leukocyte. The use of rhG-CSF was effective and useful to treat chemotherapy induced leukopenia and to accelerate the recovery from this complications.
Drug Therapy* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans* ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes ; Leukopenia*

PURPOSE: Nocturnal seizure is a common seizure disorder in childhood. But there are a few study about nocturnal seizure. To be a great of help, We investigated clinical characteristics, response of treatment and prognosis of nocturnal seiuzure in childhood. METHODS: From January to December 2001, We selected patients who had nocturnal seizure in epilepsy patients. Total 31 patients was selected and we investigated age distribution, sex ratio, type of seizure, EEG finding, brain imaging study, treatment and prognosis. RESULTS: Man and woman's ratio was no significant difference, and age distribution was mostly from 3 years old to 12 years old. Partial seizure was showed in 30 patients (96.8%). Among that patients secondary generalization of partial seizure was showed in 21 patients(67.7%). In EEG, epileptiform discharges in centrotemporal region were showed in 17 patients(54.8%), occipital region in 5 patients(16.1%), central region in 4 patients (12.9%). Brain imaging studies were normal in all patients. The most common cause of nocturnal seizure was benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes(24 patients, 77.4%). Benign childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms were showed 5 patients(16.1 %). Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy was showed 1 patient(3.2%). 28 patients(90.3%) were treated with monotherapy. They has been no seizure during 6 months after treatment. 3 patients(9.7%) were treated with two AED therapy. They has been also no seizure during 6 months after add-on therapy. CONCLUSION: Nocturnal seizure in childhood was mostly occurred from 3 years old to 12 years old. Mostly they were partial seizure with secondary generalization and good response on AED medication and good prognosis. Therefore carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine monotherpy is more effective than valproic acid.
Age Distribution ; Carbamazepine ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Neuroimaging ; Prognosis ; Seizures* ; Sex Ratio ; Valproic Acid

An external thrombotic hemorrhoid is a very painful disease with a high incidence rate. The chief complaints encountered by the surgeon are protrusion and pain. However, because the spontaneous healing rate is very high, there is no consensus on whether conservative management or surgery is a more effective treatment policy. In an attempt to resolve this problem, we performed a clinical analysis of fifty patients with external thrombotic hemorrhoids who were treated by conservative management at Song-Do Colorectal Hospital from October 1996 to December 1996. We recorded the time required for the protrusion and the pain to disappear and performed manometry to check the sphincter pressure and tissue pathology to determine the pathogenesis of the external thrombotic hemorrhoid. The results are as follows: 1) Based on pathology, the cause of the external thrombotic hemorrhoids was venous thrombosis due to venous stasis, not a hematoma due to venous rupture. 2) Manometry showed that the resting sphincter pressure and the squeezing sphincter pressure for the patients with external thrombotic hemorrhoids was higher than those of the control group, which was the reason for the venous stasis. In conclusion, because an external thrombotic hemorrhoid is just a thrombosis due to venous stasis, the thrombosis can be improved by using methods such as a warm sitz bath and analgesics to decrease the sphincter pressure. Hence, conservative management should be the preferred treatment in almost all cases.
Analgesics ; Baths ; Consensus ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhoids ; Humans ; Incidence ; Manometry ; Pathology ; Rupture ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thrombosis