No abstract available.
Lithium*

No abstract available.
Polyps*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the optimum depth of the internal jugular venous catheterization between the right and left side. METHODS: Forty-four patients were enrolled for this study and divided into two groups (22 patients each). The optimum depth of the catheterization was calculated using the sum of two component (A and B); the advanced length of the catheter from the level of the cricoid cartilage (A) and the distance from the catheter tip to the junction of the superier vena cava and right atrium (B). RESULT: The optimum depths of the internal jugular venous catheterization were 16.0 1.0 cm (right) and 18.4 1.5 cm (left) respectively. Left side was significantly longer than right side (p<0.05). In this study, we experienced some complications; arterial punctures (5 cases) and migration of the catheter to the opposite subclavian vein (1 case). Five complications were associated with left internal jugular venous cannulation and one was associated with the right side cannulation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the optimum depth of the internal jugular venous catheterization was longer in the left side than in the right side.
Catheterization* ; Catheters* ; Cricoid Cartilage ; Heart Atria ; Humans ; Punctures ; Subclavian Vein

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of geriatric depression in activities of daily living for self maintenance (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) under control for effect of cognitive impairment which can be originated by other reasons. METHODS: The author had interviews with 100 old peoples using various scales (KGDS, MMSE-K, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale, ADL, IADL, QOL questionnaire, HDRS). This study also attempts to compare three groups (depression group, recovered group, normal control group) in their functional status. RESULTS: 1) Self-maintenance skills are more affected by physical states than by depressive symptoms. But the effect of depression is more prominent in instrumental activities of daily living. 2) Korean Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS) correlated well with activities of daily living for self maintenance (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), but Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) did not show significant correlation. This reflects that KGDS is a more specific measure for geriatric depression patients. When the effect of physical illness state was eliminated, partial correlation between KGDS and ADL/IADL showed no significant association. This means that the patient's physical functioning status is very important in functional level of geriatric patient. 3) When the patient is recovered from geriatric depression through appropriate treatment, patient's functional level showed no significant differences with normal control. CONCLUSION: This article emphasizes the importance of appropriate treatment for geriatric depression. After the effect of cognitive function was controlled, geriatric depression itself showed significant functional impairment. This functional deficit can threaten the patient's independence and self-respect. So appropriate treatment for depression in geriatrics is indispensable for enhancing quality of life in old people.
Activities of Daily Living ; Depression* ; Geriatrics ; Humans ; Karnofsky Performance Status ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: Several studies suggest that psychotropic drugs may affect on lipid metabolism and body weight. And the differences of levels of seam lipids were observed in patients with several psychiatric disorders. Hence, in order to elucidate the effects of psychotropic drugs on serum lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein, the authors estimated the serum lipid profile in the psych op harmacological treatment. METHODS: Thirty six patients with schizophrenia and 42 patients with depressive disorder or anxiety disorder were recruited from the inpatient psychiatric units and withdrawn from all psychotropic drugs at least far 3 months. The levels of seam total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), trighlyceride, apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) were measured before the treatment and after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of the treatment. RESULTS: No statistically significant change was found on all serum lipid profiles in the antipsychotics group. However, the changes on serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B from the baseline to the following weeks have been observed in tricyclic antidepressants group. And the serum total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B have been observed to be changed from the baseline to the following weeks in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors poop. The changes on seam lipoprotein(a) were proved not to be statistically significant during all the psychotropic drugs treatment. CONCLUSION: These results implicate that all psychotropic drugs might affect on the lipid metabolism, especially for tricyclic antidepressants. Therefore, this implication could be important in clinical situation because the changes on serum lipid profiles may be related to the cardiovascular disease especially in psychiatric patients with the cardiovascular risk factor.
Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Anxiety Disorders ; Apolipoproteins* ; Body Weight ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Depressive Disorder ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoprotein(a) ; Lipoproteins* ; Psychotropic Drugs ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

No abstract available.
Drug Therapy* ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor* ; Granulocytes* ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute*

BACKGROUND: In spite of relative high risk of extrapyramidal side effect and tardive dyskinesia, it is common clinical practice to use antipyschotics in treatment of bipolar I disorder. But in Korea, there has been few study about clinical factors related with antipsychotics treatment in bipolar disorder patients. So the author studied about the clinical factors related with antipsychotics treatment in bipolar inpatients focusing on the comparison of risperidone and classical antipsychotics. METHOD: By reviewing medical record retrospectively, datas about patient-related, illness-related, and treatment-related clinical factors on antipsychotics use were collected. Association between antipsychotics dose and duration and clinical factors were analysed by statistical method. RESULTS: Aggressive behavior was only statistically significant factor associated with antipsychotics use. And in the case of aggression, maintenance dose of risperidone was not changed(p=0.84), but dose of classical antipsychotics was increased significantly(p=0.005). Total hospital days and antipsychotics treatment duration showed no difference between risperidone and classical antipsychotics treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Clinical factors associated with antipsychotics use was aggressive behavior. In the case of aggression, risperidone required lesser dose increment compared with classical antipsychotics.
Aggression ; Antipsychotic Agents* ; Bipolar Disorder ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Movement Disorders ; Retrospective Studies ; Risperidone*

OBJECTIVES: Drug compliance is the most important issue in long-term treatment outcome and prognosis of manic patients. Up to date, there has been no study about drug compliance at the point of the first manic episode and subsequent maintenance period. And also there are limited data regarding the rates of noncompliance in patients with bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder in Korea. So the author studied about the rate of noncompliance in manic patients and about the clinical predicting factors associated with their drug compliance. METHODS: Compliance of a patient was assessed by patient's report, family member's report, treater's estimation, investigator-administered questionnaire, record of unkept appointment and plasma concentration of mood-stabilizer. Data about patient-related, illness-related and treatment-related factors of compliance were collected by the review of medical records and interview with the patient. RESULTS: Forty patients (56.3%)were noncompliant with their pharmacologic regimen at the point of the first treatment period. Noncompliance was significantly associated with experience of childhood stressful life events(p=.035) presence of psychotic symptoms(p=.020)and treatment with combination of mood-stabilizers(p=.002) CONCLUSION: Patients who experienced serious life event in their childhood, had delusion or hallucination during the manic episode, or received the combination therapy of mood-stabilizer are prone to fail in treatment adherence.
Bipolar Disorder ; Compliance* ; Delusions ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Plasma ; Prognosis ; Psychotic Disorders ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: Depression in the elderly is a major health concern that can be life threatening if not recognized and treated. Despite considerable interest, there in no consensus regarding the prevalence of depression in later life. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of major depressive disorder in the population over age 65 years and provide fundamental data for community mental health programs. METHOD: 500 elderly people aged over 65 years and oner in Kwachon were interviewed according to DSM-IV and examined Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS), Korea Depression Scale(KDS), MMSE-K, Korea-Dementia Rating Scale(K-DRS), etc. by trained researchers. RESULTS: Of the sample, prevalence of mild, moderate and severe depressive symptoms are 18.8%, 7.4%, and 17.8%, respectively. Prevalence of major depressive disorder is found to be 7.8%. There is no significant differences between depressive & non-depressive groups in the sociodemographic variables such as sex, age, education, family type, etc. Major depressive disorder is associated with physical illness, stressful life events, and cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSION: The results showed similar prevalence rates to other epidemiological studies. Depressed group showed more psychological distress, stressful life events and cognitive dysfunctions than non-depressed group. Accurate and early diagnosis and adequate treatment favor a good prognosis.
Aged ; Consensus ; Depression* ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Early Diagnosis ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mental Health ; Prevalence ; Prognosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic value of conization using right-angled triangular shape loop cone biopsy excisor in patients with CIN 3 who want preserve the uterus. METHODS: A retrospective review of 64 patients was performed who underwent therapeutic conization for CIN 3 by using right-angled triangular shape loop cone biopsy excisor from January 2000 to August 2005. RESULTS: The mean duration of 64 follow-up patients who had conization for therapeutic purpose was 21.5 months (range 10-68). Their mean age was 41.1 years old and mean parity was 1.7. Two of 64 patients had CIN 3 on exocervix margin. During the followed up period, only one person (1/64) had relapse of CIN 3, hence, a simple hysterectomy was done. CONCLUSION: Right-angled triangular shape loop cone biopsy excisor is more effective than U-shaped loop with low rate of margin positive and recurrent rate in conservative treatment in CIN 3 patients who want to preserve uterus or fertility.
Biopsy ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Conization* ; Female ; Fertility ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Parity ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterus