Blood glucose levels were measured in 89 healthy term neonates during the first 72 hours using the SureStep, a newly developed reagent test strip method by LifeScan. The blood samples were obtained by heel-stick puncture and blood glucose concentrations were monitored at birth(0), 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after birth. Mean and standard deviation of their measurement were compared according to postnatal hours and type of delivery. Comparison of significance between mean plasma glucose levels were made with the Wilcoxon rank sum test and significance level of 0.05 was used to determine which pair-wise comparisons were significantly different. The mean plasma glucose concentrations of first 6 hours were significantly lower than those of 12, 24, 48, 72 hours. This finding indicates that plasma glucose stabilization in healthy fullterm neonates can be expected with the feedings. The mean plasma glucose concentration at birth in the neonates of cesarean section (64.5+-8.06 mg/dl) was significantly lower than that of vaginal delivery (80.3+-20.7 mg/dl), but there were no significant differences after 2 hours. This may be due to the difference in prenatal care of obstetric department of Horamae hospital (C/S: midnight NPO and Hartmann solution, V/D: NPO with labor pain and 5% dextrose solution intravenously). In summary, the changes in perinatal care, especially prenatal fluid therapy and time of first feeding should be considered in defining neonatal hypoglycemia. Our data suggest that hypoglycemia should he defined as below 40 mg/dl during the first 6 hours and below 55 mg/dl thereafter.
Blood Glucose* ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Fluid Therapy ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Infant, Newborn* ; Labor Pain ; Parturition ; Perinatal Care ; Plasma* ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Care ; Punctures ; Reagent Strips*

BACKGROUND: Even though there have been much improvment in general understanding of the climacteric period and increased knowledge of biological aspects of menopause such as Hormone Replacement Therapy, the psychosocial aspects of climacterium was relatively out of consideration. The purpose of this paper is to help make it easy understanding the psychosocial determinants of climacterium through the investigation of correlation between the life stress and the climacteric symptoms in the middle aged women. METHODS: This study was performed on climacteric women at the age ranging from 40 to 55 who reside in Kyong-Ju city. Self reported questionnaires composed of inquiry about demographic characteristics, climacteric symptom scale, and life stress scale were distributed and 123 cases were analyzed in June. and July 1996. The Climacteric Symptom Scale was developed by JG Greene in 1976. In this scale, climacteric symptoms were classified to 3 categories of psychological, somatic, vasomotor symptoms by factor analysis. For quantitative measurement of stress, we used Office Stress Measurement Scale developed by Bae JM et al in 1992. We studied the correlation between stress scores and each class of climacteric symptoms, and the difference of climacteric symptom scores according to the menopausal status and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient between the climacteric symptom scores and the stress scores was 0.329(P=0.000) but this correlation was significant in only premenopausal group(correlation coefficient=0.479). Among climacteric symptom classes, the correlation with stress scores is most prominent in psychological symptom class, then somatic symptoms, vasomotor symptoms. There was no difference in climacteric symptom scores to the menopausal status and demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Women who had more stress complained more climacteric symptoms, especially psychological symptoms. This correlation was significant in the premenopausal group only. And the severity of climacteric symptoms didnt change by demographic characteristics.
Climacteric* ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Self Report ; Stress, Psychological* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Even though there have been much improvment in general understanding of the climacteric period and increased knowledge of biological aspects of menopause such as Hormone Replacement Therapy, the psychosocial aspects of climacterium was relatively out of consideration. The purpose of this paper is to help make it easy understanding the psychosocial determinants of climacterium through the investigation of correlation between the life stress and the climacteric symptoms in the middle aged women. METHODS: This study was performed on climacteric women at the age ranging from 40 to 55 who reside in Kyong-Ju city. Self reported questionnaires composed of inquiry about demographic characteristics, climacteric symptom scale, and life stress scale were distributed and 123 cases were analyzed in June. and July 1996. The Climacteric Symptom Scale was developed by JG Greene in 1976. In this scale, climacteric symptoms were classified to 3 categories of psychological, somatic, vasomotor symptoms by factor analysis. For quantitative measurement of stress, we used Office Stress Measurement Scale developed by Bae JM et al in 1992. We studied the correlation between stress scores and each class of climacteric symptoms, and the difference of climacteric symptom scores according to the menopausal status and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient between the climacteric symptom scores and the stress scores was 0.329(P=0.000) but this correlation was significant in only premenopausal group(correlation coefficient=0.479). Among climacteric symptom classes, the correlation with stress scores is most prominent in psychological symptom class, then somatic symptoms, vasomotor symptoms. There was no difference in climacteric symptom scores to the menopausal status and demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Women who had more stress complained more climacteric symptoms, especially psychological symptoms. This correlation was significant in the premenopausal group only. And the severity of climacteric symptoms didnt change by demographic characteristics.
Climacteric* ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Self Report ; Stress, Psychological* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The therapeutic effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) for panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/PDA) has been supported by evidences from the several studies. We the have experienced good results of CBT for more than 50 patients with PD/PDA for last two years. In spite of the powerful therapeutic effect, CBT has not been utilized well by psychiatrists in this country. We described the cognitive conceptualization of panic and agoraphobia, fiequently used assessments and homeworks in CBT for PD/PDA, and detailed concepts and methods of the each component of CBT based on our experience. Also, we discussed the comparative studies of the therapeutic results and factors that could influence the effect of CBT for PD/PDA.
Agoraphobia ; Humans ; Panic Disorder* ; Panic* ; Psychiatry

No abstract available.
Gestational Age* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

BACKGROUND: A stenosis of left main coronary artery has critical prognostic importance. Recent reports on successful left main stenting are now challenging traditional treatment patterns for this lesion. We evaluated recent four-year trends in incidence, clinical, angiographic findings and treatment modalities in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis(LMS). METHODS: Patients who were diagnosed as a significant LMS at Yonsei cardiovascular hospital between 1996 and 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The incidence of LMS during the period of 1996 to 1999 was 3.3%(n=24) and it was significantly higher than that of previous 15 years before 1996(p<0.01). The incidence of isolated ostial lesion was 0.28% and this lesion was more prevalent in young female patients with less risk factors compared with other types of LMS(p<0.01). After exclusion of the patients with an isolated ostial lesion, patients were grouped according to the lesion site: ostium, shaft, and shaft lesion extended to distal vessels. There were no differences in clinical and hemodynamic findings among these groups. Coronary artery bypass graft was performed in 141 patients(63%) and stent implantation in 16 patients(14%). CONCLUSION: The incidence of LMS has been increased. There was no difference in clinical and hemodynamic findings according to the types of LMS. Surgery is still a standard treatment, but in selected patients percutaneous coronary intervention can be another treatment option.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Stenosis* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Stents ; Transplants

BACKGROUND: In women, the prevalence of depression is known to be more than twice as high as in men. Because many depressive women complain of their somatic symptoms instead of neurovegetative ones, many cases of depression have been misdiagnosed. Women also tend to use medicine more frequently than men do to manage depression. So we investigated the relationship between somatic symptoms and drug use in housewives for better management. METHODS: From 1st. March to 31st. March in 1996, the prepared questionnaires were presented to housewives living in the area of Kyung-ju city, who responded the questionnaires under direct interview. The questionnaire was composed of two parts. One part included demographic data, somatic complaints, drug use, places of drug purchase, current diseases that had been diagnosed by doctors. The other included Korean standard Beck Depression Inventory-questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups by BDI score(21 point), which was the cut-off point for depression in Korea. The relationships of somatic symptoms and drug use between the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 110 housewives who had depressive trends among 569 respondents. In general characteristics, there was significant difference between the two groups except the item of religion. In the items of somatic symptoms, there were more somatic symptoms in the group of high BDI score(>_21) except fatigue(P<0.01). More drug users were found in the group of high BDI score(>_21) (P<0.05). In the group of high BDI score(>_21), there was definite correlation between the items of somatic symptoms and drug use. There was no difference between the two groups in the item of drug purchase site. The most common site of drug purchase was the drug store in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive housewives complained of more somatic symptoms and more often used drugs as well.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression ; Drug Users ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence

With the recent increase of coronary artery disease in Korea, coronary arteriography israpidly gaining importance as a diagnostic procedure in the management of ischemic heart disease in this country. In order to delineate normal angiographic anatomy of the coronary arteries in Korean adults, the author reviewed 63 normal or near normal coronary angiograms out of 113 consecutive cases done at the cardiac laboratory of Yonsei University Severance Hospital from February, 1976 through September, 1982 and obtained the following results. 1) The diameter of the main stems of the left and the right coronary arteries measured 2.7-6.3mm(mean, 4.0mm) and 2.1-6.0mm(mean, 3.6mm) respectively, and the length of the left main stem measured 0-23mm(mean, 9.3mm). 2) The conus branch was visualized to originate from the proximal right coronary artery in 50 cases(79.4%), and in the other 13(20.6%) in whom the conus branch was not visualized, it was assumed to have a separate ostium directly from the aortic root. 3) The sinus node artery originated from the right coronary artery in 35 cases(55.5%) and from the left circumflex 20(31.7%). The remaining 8 cases(12.7%) appeared to have dual blood supply. 4) The artery to the A-V node arose from the proximal part of the posterior descending artery as a branch of the right coronary artery in 59 cases(93.7%) and of the left circumflex in only 4(6.3%), and the pattern of the A-V node blood supply coincided with the dominancy(crossing the crux of the heart and giving rise to the posterior descending artery) of the right or the left circumflex arteries. 5) In 33 cases(52.4%), both of the arteries to the SA and the AV nodes arose from the right coronary, and in 19(30.2%), the SA node artery came from the right, whereas the AV node artery originated from the left circumflex. 6) The number of ramifications(furcation) of the main left coronary artery was two in 53 cases(83.1%), three in 9(14.3%), and four in 1(1.6%). 7) The number of diagnoal branches of the left anterior descending artery was one in 34 cases(54%), two in 28(44.4%) and 3 in 1(1.6%).
Adult* ; Angiography ; Arteries ; Atrioventricular Node ; Conus Snail ; Coronary Angiography* ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels* ; Heart ; Humans ; Korea ; Myocardial Ischemia

PURPOSE: Intrabdominal actinomycosis is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. This chronic infection has a propensity to mimic many other diseases and may present with a wide variety of symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristic clinical features with review of the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 22 patients with intrabdominal actinomycosis between January 2000 and January 2006. RESULTS: There were two men and 20 women with a mean age of 42.8 years (range, 24 - 69). Twelve patients presented with masses or abdominal pain, whereas 3 patients presented with acute appendicitis. The rate of performing an emergency surgery was 50% due to symptoms of peritonitis. The mean size of tumor was 5.5 cm (range, 2.5 - 11.0). Sixty percent (n = 12) of female patients had intrauterine device (IUD). The average time to definite diagnosis was 10.6 days. CONCLUSION: Intrabdominal abdominal actinomycosis must first be suspected in any women with a history of current or recent IUD use who presents abdominal pain. If recognized preoperatively, a limited surgical procedure, may spare the patient from an extensive operation.
Abdominal Pain/*etiology/microbiology ; Actinomycosis/*diagnosis/pathology ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Intrauterine Devices ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peritonitis/pathology/surgery ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: This study was intended to evaluate the value of the FNAB in the diagnosis of the suspected metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 221 patients diagnosed as metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy by FNAB from Jan., 1990 to Oct., 1994 were analyzed retrospectively. They represented 92.1% of metstatic cervical lymphadenopathy managed and 15.7% of 1,411 FNAB's performed during the same period. 33 cases with lymphoma were excluded in this study. RESULTS: In 107 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy who also received confirmatory node biopsy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of FNAB for the metastatic cervical lymphaenopathy were 79.3%, 100%, 100% and 44.1% respectively. In 76 (33.4%) patients the histopathologic types of the primary cancers were decided by information gained from FNAB alone. There were two kinds of tendency that GI cancers metastasized to left-sided cervical nodes (88.1%) and breast and lung cancers to ipsilateral supraclavicular nodes in high frequencies (94.1% and 86.8%, respectively). No complications were associated with FNAB. CONCLUSION: FNAB is a simple, rapid, inexpensive and highly specific diagnostic tool in the evaluation of suspected metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy. The sensitivity and negative predictive value, however, are relatively low. When the clinical findings strongly suggest metastatic lymphadenopathy, the negative FNAB should be followed by confirmatory biopsy. Information gained from it guides further diagnostic and therapeutic plans. Surrounding normal tissues are not damaged, and the theoretical hazards of local implantation of tumor cells and complication are negligible.
Biopsy* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Breast ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymphatic Diseases* ; Lymphoma ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity