The purpose of the study was to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Children's Health Locus of Control Scale(CHLC), an instrument designed to measure health locus of control in children aged 7 to 12. The scale was administered to 467 children in grades 4 to 6, enrolled in 2 elementary schools located in city. The mean age of the subject was 10.03(SD=1.33). The findings were as follows: 1. Cronbach alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .69 for the total, and .67, .65, and .56 on the respective subscales. 2. Construct validity was supported through factorial isolation of three theory consistent subscales: internal, chance, and powerful others. Two items did not fit well with the originally developed subscale. The total percent of variance explained by 3 factors was 34.5%. The result of the factor analysis according to Kaiser's criterion revealed that the scale was consisted of 5 factors. But, The items of the subscales were rather inconsistent with the dimensions of the locus of control concept. 3. There were significant differences according to parent's educational level and occupation, and birth order on the scores of the CHLC. There were no significant differences according to grade level and sex. 4. The score of the CHLC was significantly correlated with the self concept of the children(r=.14, p<.001). The result indicated that the Korean version of Children's Health Locus of Control Scale was valid and reliable in measuring health locus of control concept in children, even though further research is required to reconfirm and increase the reliability of the instrument. CHLC could be used for study explaining the health related behavior of the children and research project to health education program.
Birth Order ; Child* ; Health Education ; Humans ; Internal-External Control* ; Occupations ; Psychometrics* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Concept ; Child Health

PURPOSE: Growth hormone(GH) has not only growth promoting effect but also various metabolic effects. We evaluated GH effects by anthrometric data, biochmical data, electrolytes and simple CT in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. METHODS: Nine children with Prader-Willi syndrome(PWS) were studied. The children were treated with GH(0.6U/kg/week) for 6 months. Before and after therapy we measured height, weight, waist, hip, and thigh. Blood sampling for eletrolytes, HgA1C, lipid profiles and other biochemistry were done in all patients before and after therapy. We also compared fat distribution with scan. RESULTS: Height standard deviation (SD) score increased from -0.7 to -0.5 and weight SD score decreased from 5.3 to 4.9. Body mass index(BMI) decreased from 28.2kg/m2 to 27.2kg/m2. But the changes in height, weight and BMI were not significant statistically. The waist/hip ratio decreased from 1.04 to 0.97(P<0.05), Thigh circumference had been decreased from 58.2+/-21.7cm to 49.9+/-6.9cm insignificantly. The visceral fat were decreased from 7,613+/-1,760 to 5,022+/-1,533 after GH therapy, and thigh muscle mass was increased from 6,358+/-1,616 to 7,175+/-2,155 (P<0.05). Total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased and HDL cholesterol increased after therapy although they were insignificant statistically. There were no differences in electrolytes, HgA1C, other biochemistry(Ca, P, protein, albumin, BUN, Cr) before and after therapy. CONCLUSION: In children with PWS, waist/hip ratio and fat mass were reduced and muscle mass was increased after GH therapy. There was tendency that total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased and HDL cholesterol increased after therapy. We confirmed that GH therapy had not only growth promoting effect but also metabolic effect on lipid and protein metabolism in children with PWS.
Biochemistry ; Child ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Electrolytes ; Growth Hormone* ; Hip ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Metabolism ; Prader-Willi Syndrome* ; Thigh ; Triglycerides

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder. Osteoporosis has emerged as a leading public health problem with elderly persons and its detection is important for prevention and treatment of fracture. this population-based study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis in the elderly women. METHODS: One hundred thirty eight women aged 60 years or older in rural area were investigated with questionnaires and measurements of height, weight. Bone mineral density(BMD) measurements of lumbar spine and femoral neck were made with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of osteoporosis using the manufacturer's young adult population mean and our study young population mean have been applied. Our study's young adult population mean was derived using normal premenopausal 37 women aged 30~45 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 45.7% for lumbar spine, 13.0% for femoral neck by the manufacture's young adult mean and 63.0% and 34.8% by our study young adult population mean, respectively. Weight and smoking were associated with lumbar spine BMD. Age was associated with femoral neck BMD. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the prevalence of osteoporosis is dependant on reference population mean and measurement site.
Aged* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Humans ; Osteoporosis* ; Prevalence* ; Public Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spine ; World Health Organization ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of depression and quality of life among older adults with osteoarthritis. The predictors included in the model were the client's characteristics(age, pain, disease duration, ADLs), personal resources(hardiness, self-care agency and family support), and depression. METHOD: 150 subjects who were older than 65 years and had diagnosis of osteoarthritis participated in the study. To answer the research questions, descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression were utilized using SPSS WIN program. RESULT: Older adults who were younger and had lower levels of pain and dependency on ADLs, and higher levels of self care agency and hardiness reported lower levels of depression(R2=0.517). Older adults who had lower levels of depression, pain, and dependency on ADLs, higher levels of family support and hardiness, and who are younger reported higher levels of quality of life(R2=0.804). CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, development of nursing intervention program including pain reduction, enhancing ADL abilities and personal resources (hardiness, family support) can be suggested. Further study is needed to increase the ability of generalization of the study findings to the broader population.
Activities of Daily Living ; Adult* ; Depression* ; Diagnosis ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Nursing ; Osteoarthritis* ; Quality of Life* ; Self Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Emotional and behavioral disturbances have been reported in severe short stature children. The purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial problems in children with Growth hormone deficiency(GHD), comparing with their normal height siblings. METHODS: Twenty three children with GHD(17 boys and 6 girls, mean age:13.1+/-2.8 yrs) were included. Their normal height siblings(8 boys and 2 girls, mean age:12.3+/-2.9 yrs) were included as control group. Parents of all participating children completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Patients 10 years and older completed the Youth Self Report. RESULTS: 1)Internalizing problem scores(somatic complaints, anxiety, depression, social incompetence) were higher in GHD compared to control group(49.0+/-15.0 vs 43.2+/-6.2, P<0.05). Externalizing problem scores and social competences were not different between GHD and control group. 2) Total problem scores in GHD were not different by sex. 3)Total problem scores were not different between idiopathic GHD and organic GHD. 4)Attention problems(r=0.45, P<0.05), delinquent behavior(r=0.49, P=0.01) and aggressive behavior(r=0.51, P<0.01) increased by age. 5)Height SDS negatively correlated with social problem(r=-0.47, P<0.05) and delinquent behavior(r=-0.61, P<0.01). Height SDS also negatively correlated with somatic complaints(r=-0.75, P<0.01), anxiety and depression(r=-0.66, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Internalized problems such as somatic complaints, anxiety and depression were higher in GHD than control group. Behavioral problem scores were increased by age and behavioral problem scores were correlated with height deficit. When we treat GHD children, appropriate medical and psychological counseling should be included.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Checklist ; Child Behavior ; Child* ; Counseling ; Depression ; Female ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans ; Parents ; Self Report ; Siblings

PURPOSE: The reported clinical manifestations in Turner syndrome were different by karyotypes, countries and races. So, We evaluated the physical findings & medical problems in patient with Turner syndrome according to karyotype. METHODS: We examined prospectively 53 cases that diagnosed as Turner syndrome by chromosome study at the Pediatric Endocrine Clinic, YUMC from May 1999 to Aug 1999. According to the karyotype, they were divided into 3 groups:45, X(22 cases, 41.5%), mosaicism(18 cases, 34%) and structural aberration group(13 cases, 24.5%), and 53 cases were reevaluated by prepared protocol of 22 abnormal physical findings and 4 medical problems. Chi-square test was used for statistic analysis. RESULTS: 1)In case of 45, X group, they had short stature(100%), cubitus valgus(95.5%), widely spaced nipples(86.4%), shield chest(72.7%), low posterior hair line(68.2%), in case of mosaicism group, they had short stature(100%), cubitus valgus(72.2%), high arched palate(66.7%), widely spaced nipples(61.1%), short neck(61.1%) and in case of structural aberration group, they had short stature(100%), high arched palate (92.3%), widely spaced nipples(92.3%), low posterior hair line(76.9%), shield chest (76.9%), in frequency order. Short stature was the most common finding in Turner syndrome. The incidence of high arched palate was significantly higher in structural aberration group(P<0.05). 2)In case of 45, X group, they had otitis media(63.6%), thyroid problem(4.5%) and no renal problem and cardiac problem, in case of mosaicism group, they had otitis media(38.9%), thyroid problem(5.6%) and no renal problem and cardiac porblem and in case of structural aberration group, they had otitis media(61.5%), thyroid problem(15.4%), renal problem(7.7%) and cardiac problem(7.7%) in frequency order, they had no statistical difference in among three groups. CONCLUSION: In case of 45, X group, the incidence of cubitus valgus, webbed neck were more common findings and of high arched palate, micrognathia were less common findings compared to other group. In case of mosaicism group, the incidence of micrognathia, epicanthal fold were more common findings and wide spaced nipples, antimongoloid fissure were less common findings compared to other group. In case of structural aberration group, the incidence of high arched palate is most common finding among 3 group(P<0.05) and pigmented nevi and epicanthal fold were less common findings compared to other group. The incidence of medical problems such as otitis media and thyroid problem were than other foreign country reports.
Continental Population Groups ; Hair ; Humans ; Incidence ; Karyotype* ; Mosaicism ; Neck ; Nevus, Pigmented ; Nipples ; Otitis ; Otitis Media ; Palate ; Prospective Studies ; Thorax ; Thyroid Gland ; Turner Syndrome*

Cardiac myxoma is the most common primary tumor of the heart. The tumor contains a variety of cell types that are thought to arise from a focus of primitive pluripotential mesenchymal cells in the area of the fossa ovalis. Throughout the myxoid stroma, there are variable amounts of reticular fivers, collagen, elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells. A 38-year-old female had right atrial myxoma with multiple pulmonary infarcts. In this case, we experienced an unusual degenerative change in the tumor of granulomatous lesion consisting of hemosiderin pigments, foreign body giant cells and peculiar, spheroid, semilunar or bamboo-shaped degenerated elastic fibers. Microscopically it resembles Gamna-Gandy nodule seen in the spleen of chronic passive congestion.
Female ; Humans

No abstract available.

This study was undertaken to observe the mutagenic occurrence in urine excreted after the ingestion of roast beef. Two healthy nonsmoker persons of both sex were selected for this test, employing two strains (TA98, TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium according to Ames' method. The mutagenic activity began to appear in urine of both sex three hours after ingestion of 300 g of roast beef, gradually increasing until 6 hours and declining thereafter.
Eating* ; Humans* ; Methods ; Red Meat* ; Salmonella typhimurium

Background:Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) is known to be a disease characterized by a deficiency of insulin caused by destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells. It has been suggested that the clinical and immunological characteristics of IDDM in Korean are different from those of Caucasian. This study was undertaken to investigate the clinical characteristics and the prevalence of autoimmune markers in type I diabetic children and their prediabetic siblings in Korea. METHODS:Insulin autoantibody(IAA), antiglutamic acid decarboxylase(Anti-GAD) antibody, thyroid autoantibodies such as antithyroid antibody(ATA) and antimicrosomal antibody(AMA), and rheumatoid facter(RF) in 54 type I diabetic children have been measured. Diabetic autoimmune antibodies were also measured in 48 siblings. RESULTS: 1)Clinical characteristics of type I diabetic children were that age of onset was 8.6+/-4.4 years, duration of diabetes was 4.1+/-3.3 years. C-peptide at onset of diabetes was fasting 0.7+/-0.5ng/ml, and postprandial 1.2+/-0.5ng/ml, and HbA1c was 12.5+/-4.3%. 2)The positivity of IAA and anti-GAD antibody of type I diabetic children was 74% and 50% respectively. ATA and AMA positivity of type I diabetic children was 3.7% and 5.6%. however RF was not detected at all. Among the diabetic siblings, 48 persons for anti-GAD antibody, 21 for IAA, 27 for ICA were measured but 1 case was positive for IAA. 3)Clinical characteristics of type I diabetic children were not specific different between IAA and anti-GAD antibody positivity. But the mean age of onset of type I diabetic children was younger in case of both positivity of IAA and anti-GAD antibody than both negativity(7.8 vs 11.4 years old, P<0.05). 4)A case in whose brothers are diagnosed as IDDM has shown that autoantibody of elder brother was positive in both IAA and anti-GAD antibody, and younger brother was also strongly positive in IAA. Another case in whose sisters were IDDM, has shown that, while elder sister was positive in IAA, younger sister strongly positive in both IAA and anti-GAD antibody. 5)In a case of identical twin brother, the elder is type I diabetic child and the younger is normal, elder brother's onset of age was 6 years and 8 months old, and titer of anti-GAD antibody was measured as strong positive. Both ICA and anti- GAD antibody were negative in normal younger brother. First phase insulin release in IV GTT and the insulin levels in oral GTT showed reduction from the normal level in normal brother, and repeat check up showed normal ranges but on-going study is needed under observation. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of autoantibody positivity of type I diabetic children of Korea in this study were IAA 74%, and anti-GAD antibody 50%. Cases with both IAA and anti-GAD antibody positive were shown to be earlier onset. Though titers of auto-antibody in IDDM twins, brothers and sisters were strongly positive, auto-antibodies in siblings of IDDM patients were detected only one case with IAA positive(0.47%). We suggest that the pathogenesis of IDDM in Korean is different from foreign countries in terms of prevalence of autoimmune antibodies and more numbers of diabetic siblings should be tested for further study.
Age of Onset ; Antibodies* ; Autoantibodies ; C-Peptide ; Child* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Fasting ; Humans ; Infant ; Insulin ; Korea ; Prevalence* ; Reference Values ; Siblings* ; Thyroid Gland ; Twins, Monozygotic