OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancer is one of the major cancers in South Korea. We described the time trends in colorectal cancer incidence in Daejeon, a metropolitan city, and Chungcheongnam-do (Chungnam), a rural province, South Korea. METHODS: Using the databases from the Daejeon Cancer Registry (DCR) and the Chungnam Cancer Registry (CCR), age-standardized (to world standard population) rates for incidence (ASRW) were calculated. Average annual percent change (AAPC) was assessed as a trend indicator. The completeness (such as the mortality/incidence ratio) and validity (such as the death certificate only %, microscopic verification %, primary site uncertain %, and age unknown %) were analyzed to examine the data quality of DCR and CCR. RESULTS: Incidence of colorectal cancer showed increasing trend in both sexes. Over the years 2000-2012 in Daejeon, ASRW was increased significantly from 37.2 to 51.7 per 100,000 person-years (AAPC, 3.9%) among men and from 17.1 to 28.4 (AAPC, 3.9%) among women, respectively. In Chungnam, ASRW was also increased from 29.8 to 50.1 per 100,000 person-years (AAPC, 5.1%) among men and from 15.9 to 26.6 (AAPC, 3.2%) among women, respectively. The AAPC for colon cancer was greater than rectal cancer in both Daejeon and Chungnam. The trend of rectal cancer incidence was differ by sex (AAPC in men vs women, 2.7% vs 1.7% in Daejeon; 3.5% vs 0.8% in Chungnam). Indices of completeness and validity showed that the quality control of DCR and CCR was adequate to describe the trends of ASRW. CONCLUSIONS: Both Daejeon and Chungnam have had a rapid increase in colorectal cancer incidence. Monitoring and intervention are required on the risk factors which may contribute to this trend.
Chungcheongnam-do* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Data Accuracy ; Death Certificates ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea* ; Male ; Quality Control ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Registries ; Risk Factors

Airway management for patients who have suffered multiple facial fractures and skull base fractures is complicated. Nasal intubation can interfere with centralization and stabilization of nasal fractures and may lead to cranial intubation. Restoring the dental occlusion by means of intraoperative maxillo- mandibular fixation is a prerequisite to the corrrect anatomical reduction of multiple facial fractures. This fixation precludes oral endotracheal intubation. In the past, it has been overcome by a tracheostomy. Complications of a tracheostomy include infection, hemorrhage, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, tracheal stenosis, and tracheoesophageal fistula. The technique of submental intubation was originally described by Altemir. This technique provide secure airway, an unobstructed intraoral airway field. and allows maxillomandibular fixation while avoiding the drawbacks and complications of naso-endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. With this technique, the multiple facial fractures were corrected successfully.
Airway Management ; Dental Occlusion ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intubation* ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Jaw Fixation Techniques ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Pneumothorax ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ; Skull Base ; Subcutaneous Emphysema ; Surgery, Oral* ; Tracheal Stenosis ; Tracheoesophageal Fistula ; Tracheostomy

Transient tachypnea of the newborn(TTN) is a benign self-limited disease characterized by early onset and rapid recovery of tachypnea although it may occasionally have a more prolonged and protracted course. A retrospective clinical study was mad on 29 neonates with TTN admitted to NICU of Pohang St. Mary's Hospital from January 1992 to June 1993. The results were as follows: 1) TTN(36.2%) was the most common cause of respiratory distress in the neonate followed by idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome(23.8%), pneumonia(18.8%), meconium aspiration syndrome(6.2%), perinatal asphyxia(6.2%), polycythemia(3.8%), anemia(1.2%), persistent fetal circulation(1.2%), paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(1.2%) and tracheoesophageal fistula(1.2%) 2) TTN was more frequent in the male term infants but can occur in premature(41.4%) and low birth weight infants(34.5%). 3) The associated perinatal conditions were oxytocin-induction(8 cases, 27.6%), Cesarean delivery(10 cases, 34.5%) and asphyxia(7 cases, 24.2%) 4) Arterial blood gas analysis showed respiratory acidosis in 3 cases and metabolic acidosis in 3 cases but none of TTN showed hypoxia unresponsive to oxygen 5) Chest X-ray showed hyperaeration in 10 cases(34.5%), increased pulmonary vascularity in 8 cases(27.6%), hyperaeration and increased pulmonary vascularity in 6 cases(20.6%) and cardiomegaly in 12 cases(53%). 6) Tachypnea usually appeared within 6hours and abated by 48-72hours but sustained more than 73hours in 7 cases(24.1%) 7) In majority of cases, maximal respiratory rates were below 100 rates/min and administered oxygen concentrations were 20-40%, and their mean values were 81 rates/min, 37.6% respectively. 8) TTN with more prolonged course(> or=48hours) was associated with low birth weight infants, prematurity and higher respiratory rates(> or=100 breaths a minute)(p<0.05).
Acidosis ; Acidosis, Respiratory ; Anoxia ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Cardiomegaly ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ; Oxygen ; Respiratory Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachypnea ; Thorax ; Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn*

Transient tachypnea of the newborn(TTN) is a benign self-limited disease characterized by early onset and rapid recovery of tachypnea although it may occasionally have a more prolonged and protracted course. A retrospective clinical study was mad on 29 neonates with TTN admitted to NICU of Pohang St. Mary's Hospital from January 1992 to June 1993. The results were as follows: 1) TTN(36.2%) was the most common cause of respiratory distress in the neonate followed by idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome(23.8%), pneumonia(18.8%), meconium aspiration syndrome(6.2%), perinatal asphyxia(6.2%), polycythemia(3.8%), anemia(1.2%), persistent fetal circulation(1.2%), paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(1.2%) and tracheoesophageal fistula(1.2%) 2) TTN was more frequent in the male term infants but can occur in premature(41.4%) and low birth weight infants(34.5%). 3) The associated perinatal conditions were oxytocin-induction(8 cases, 27.6%), Cesarean delivery(10 cases, 34.5%) and asphyxia(7 cases, 24.2%) 4) Arterial blood gas analysis showed respiratory acidosis in 3 cases and metabolic acidosis in 3 cases but none of TTN showed hypoxia unresponsive to oxygen 5) Chest X-ray showed hyperaeration in 10 cases(34.5%), increased pulmonary vascularity in 8 cases(27.6%), hyperaeration and increased pulmonary vascularity in 6 cases(20.6%) and cardiomegaly in 12 cases(53%). 6) Tachypnea usually appeared within 6hours and abated by 48-72hours but sustained more than 73hours in 7 cases(24.1%) 7) In majority of cases, maximal respiratory rates were below 100 rates/min and administered oxygen concentrations were 20-40%, and their mean values were 81 rates/min, 37.6% respectively. 8) TTN with more prolonged course(> or=48hours) was associated with low birth weight infants, prematurity and higher respiratory rates(> or=100 breaths a minute)(p<0.05).
Acidosis ; Acidosis, Respiratory ; Anoxia ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Cardiomegaly ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ; Oxygen ; Respiratory Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachypnea ; Thorax ; Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn*

Objectives: This study examined the results of the restandardization of the Korean Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). The Korean PAI was first standardized in 2001 and then restandardized in 2019 to establish new normative data. On the other hand, differences may exist in the results of the restandardized version considering the time interval, which may include cultural and social differences. Thus, differences between the results of the Korean PAI administered in 2001 and 2019 must be examined to confirm its new normative data followed by restandardization. Methods: Data from 2212 adults who administered the original Korean PAI in 2001 and 1263 adults who administered the Korean PAI in 2019 were collected. The study compared the reliability and mean scores. In addition, the mean scores of the Korean PAI administered in 2019 were converted to T-scores adapted to the normative data of 2001. The collected data was analyzed using a t-test and comparing the T-scores. Results: The internal consistency reliability showed a similar pattern in both versions, but the differences among the mean scores and T-scores appeared to be significant. Conclusion The significant differences between the scores of the Korean PAI administered in 2001 and 2019 reflect the result of the restandardization. Therefore, the restandardized version of the Korean PAI may bring more precise information that can be adapted to the contemporary era.

PURPOSE: Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) continues to be a serious problem in infants who survived with neonatal intensive care. Nevertheless, there is neither available data about the incidence of ROP which may be the basis of the epidemiology, nor analysis of the risk factors of ROP in Korea. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence of ROP and to analyze perinatal risk factors of ROP. METHODS: The study population was inborn neonates of Seoul National University Hospital during the three-year period, from Jan. 1991 to Dec. 1993. The total number of infants was 5,764, and the incidence of ROP was evaluated according to gestational age and birthweight. Infants with birthweight under 1,500gram or with gestational age less than 33 weeks were involved in this study, in 168 of the 242 infants, their eyes were examined. Of these, 71 developed some degree of ROP, and 12 received cryotherapy. The comparisons of perinatal risk factors of ROP between the group with and without ROP, and in the group with ROP, between with and without cryotherapy have been made. RESULTS: 1) The cumulative incidence of ROP according to gestational age was 100% in less than 28 weeks, 96.0%, 80.4%, 66.7%, 57.3%, 44.1%, 32.2%, 23.1%, 15.8%, and 10.6% in less than 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, and 37 weeks, respectively. 2) The cumulative incidence of ROP according to birthweight was 100% in under 750gram, 90.9%, 69.8%, 56.8%, 39.1%, 26.8%, 16.0%, and 9.9% in under 1,000gram, 1,250gram, 1,500gram, 1,750gram, 2,000gram, 2,250gram, and 2,500gram, respectively. 3) The perinatal risk factors which were statistically significant were gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes, duration of hospitalization, ventilation and oxygen supply, number of transfusions, acidosis, hyperoxia, maximum fraction of inspired oxygen, maximum peak inspiratory pressure, maximum frequency, and the presence of pneumonia, apnea-bradycardia syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, sepsis, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, administration of aminophylline or furosemide. With linear logistic regression analysis, only gestational age (OR=0.930, 95% CI=0.887-0.975) and hyperoxia (OR=1.006, 95% CI=1.003-1.009) were proved to relate to the occurrence of ROP independently. CONCLUSIONS: ROP was developed in 44.1% of infants less than 33 weeks and in 56.8% of infants under 1,500gram and the occurrence of ROP was related significantly only to gestational age and hyperoxia.
Acidosis ; Aminophylline ; Apgar Score ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Cryotherapy ; Epidemiology ; Furosemide ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hyperoxia ; Hypocalcemia ; Incidence* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Oxygen ; Pneumonia ; Retinopathy of Prematurity* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Seoul ; Sepsis ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between indoor air pollutant levels and residential environment in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) living in Seoul. METHODS: A total of 150 children with AD were included. Residential environment was assessed by questionnaires which were completed by their parents. To evaluate the level of exposure to the indoor air pollutants, concentrations of the indoor air pollutants including particulate matter with diameter less than 10 microm (PM10), formaldehyde, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC), benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, xylene, styrene, bacterial aerosols, and airborne fungi were measured. RESULTS: A significant difference was exhibited in the levels of PM10 in case of visible fungus on the walls (P=0.047). There was relationship between the construction year of the house, moving to a newly constructed building within 1 year and formaldehyde level. With the use of artificial air freshener, the differences were found in the concentrations of TVOC (P=0.003), benzene (P=0.015), toluene (P=0.012) and ethyl-benzene (P=0.027). The concentration of xylene was significantly high when oil was used as heating fuel (P=0.015). Styrene exhibited differences depending on building type and its concentrations were significantly high in a residential and commercial complex building (P=0.005). The indoor concentration of bacterial aerosols was significantly low with the use of air cleaner (P=0.045). High NO2, benzene concentrations were present in case of almost no ventilation (P=0.028 and P=0.028, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Individual residential environments are closely related with the levels of the indoor air pollutants. To alleviate AD symptoms, simple questions about residential environments such as visible fungus on the walls and the use of artificial air freshener are helpful to assess the possibility of increased indoor air pollutant levels when direct measurement is not available.
Aerosols ; Air Pollutants ; Air Pollution ; Benzene ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Monoxide ; Child* ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Formaldehyde ; Fungi ; Heating ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Parents ; Particulate Matter ; Seoul ; Styrene ; Toluene ; Ventilation ; Xylenes ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Epidermal growth factors (EGF) is known to activate mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) in hepatocytes by the route of both Raf-dependent and Raf-indefendent pathways. And this is likely to play important role in normal liver cell growth and regeneration. EGF is also reported as a potent mitogen and one of the angiogenic factors. To elucidate the dynamic changes of the serum concentration of epidermal growth factor in chronic liver disease and its correlation with role of EGF and mechanism of tumor development, this study is intended to employ an ELISA in 38 biopsy-proven cases. METHODS: Sera taken out of 5 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis. 4 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 19 patients with liver cirrhosis, 10 patients with hepato-cellular carcinoma that pathological diagnosis was proven later were tested for EGF employing Quantikine ELISA Kits (R & D Systems Inc. Minneapolis, MN). The statistical analysis was evaluated by student's t-test. RESULTS: EGF concentration was 253.33+ 69.5pg/ml(Mean+ SE) in hepatocellular carcinoma, 246.60+ 91.19pg/ml(Mean+ SE) in chronic active hepatitis, 222.71+ 115.97pg/ml (Mean+ SE) in chronic persistent hepatitis, 141.15+ 23.12pg/ml(Mean+ SE) in liver cirrhosis in orders. Serum EGF concentration in hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly higher than that in liver cirrhosis(p value=0.021695). However, comparing to the remaining other groups, no significant difference was found. CONCLUSION: These results support that the reconstruction of the capillary networks in liver cirrhosis resplts in down-regulation of the EGF in comparison to chronic hepatitis. But it is suggested that revaluation of EGF stimulates MAP kinase activity eventually playing in tumorigenesis of the liver with neoangiogenesis.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Capillaries ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Diagnosis ; Down-Regulation ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epidermal Growth Factor* ; Fibrosis* ; Hepatitis, Chronic* ; Hepatocytes ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases ; Liver Regeneration ; Phosphotransferases ; Protein Kinases ; Regeneration

BACKGROUND: More than half of the causes of male osteoporosis is due to secondary osteoporosis. Therefore, it is important to detect and modify its related factors. The aim of this study was to find related lifestyle factors and biochemical markers with low bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean men. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed in men aged 40-69 years who visited a hospital for health checkup from January to March 2007. BMD was measured at proximal femur and lumbar spine by dual energy x-ray absorptionmetry. Lifestyle factors were estimated by a self-administered questionnaire and fasting glucose, uric acid, gamma glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, free testosterone, 25-OH vitamin D, urine deoxypyridinoline, osteocalcin were measured. Multivariate logistic regression was used to find the association to the lowest tertile of BMD. RESULTS: A total of 152 subjects were included. After multivariate analysis adjusted with age, BMI, smoking, alcohol and exercise, different factors were correlated with low bone density in each site of femoral neck and lumbar spine. Factors correlated at both sites were BMI and exercise; lower BMI and doing no exercise increased risks of low bone density. Increasing age and alcohol intake > or = 14 drinks/week were associated with lower BMD at femoral neck. The factors associated with lower lumbar spine BMD only were lower level of uric acid and higher level of urine deoxypyridinoline. CONCLUSION: Different factors were associated with low bone density at femoral neck and lumbar spine in men. BMI and exercise were related in both sites; age, alcohol intake, uric acid and deoxypyridinoline were related on either site.
Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Amino Acids ; Biomarkers ; Bone Density ; Creatinine ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fasting ; Femur ; Femur Neck ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; Glucose ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Osteocalcin ; Osteoporosis ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spine ; Testosterone ; Uric Acid ; Vitamin D ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vasospastic angina (VA) is a specific type of coronary artery disease and develops as a result of coronary artery spasm. Recently, a few studies have revealed that VA caused by coronary artery spasm is related to genetic traits. The objective of this study was to use the recently developed technique of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to screen the genetic aberrations of VA. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To identify candidate genes that might be causally involved in the pathogenesis of VA, genomic deoxyribonucleic acids were extracted from whole blood of 28 patients with VA who presented at Department of Cardiology at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. The copy number profiles of these patients was then analyzed using array CGH and reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Array CGH revealed gains in 31 different regions, with losses in the 4q35.2, 7q22.1, 10q26.3, 15q11.2, 16p13.11, 17p11.2 and 19q13.3 regions (more than 32% aberration in these regions). Several loci were found to be frequently including gains of 5p and 11q (50% of samples). The most common losses were found in 7q (54% of samples). Copy number aberrations in chromosomal regions were detected and corresponding genes were confirmed by RT quantitative PCR. The fold change levels were highest in the CTDP1 (18q23), HDAC10 (22q13.33), KCNQ1 (11p15.5-p15.4), NINJ2 (12p13.33), NOTCH2 (1p12-p11.2), PCSK6 (15q26.3), SDHA (5p15.33), and MUC17 (7q22.1) genes. CONCLUSION: Many candidate chromosomal regions that might be related to the pathogenesis of VA were detected by array CGH and should be systematically investigated to establish the causative and specific genes for VA.
Cardiology ; Coat Protein Complex I ; Comparative Genomic Hybridization ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; DNA ; Humans ; Korea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; Spasm