PURPOSE: In the present study, short-term and long-term surgical outcomes dependent on the amount of hyperopia in patients with infantile esotropia were analyzed. METHODS: In this study, 80 patients with infantile esotropia who underwent both medial rectus recession from 2007 to 2011 and followed up for at least 36 months were retrospectively examined. The patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of hyperopia: ≥ +3.0 D (high hyperopia [HH], n = 59 patients) and < +3.0 D (non-high hyperopia [NH], n = 21 patients). Clinical characteristics analyzed included surgical success rate and dose-response relationship at the 3-month and 3-year postoperative follow-ups. RESULTS: Initial preoperative alignment (NH: 44.8 ± 10.2 PD, HH: 42.7 ± 11.6 PD, p = 0.450), surgical success rates (NH: 69.5% (41/59), HH: 71.4% (15/21), p = 0.837), under-correction rates (NH: 23.7% (14/59), HH: 9.5% (2/21), p = 0.191) and over-correction rates (NH: 6.8% (4/59), HH: 19.1% (4/21), p = 0.138) were not statistically significantly different between the NH and HH groups. A tendency towards a larger dose-response relationship was observed with HH (NH: 3.9 PD/mm, HH: 4.3 PD/mm) at the 3-month postoperative follow-up, but was not significant (p = 0.105). At the 3-year postoperative follow-up, exodrift was in progress and the dose-response relationship was significantly higher in the HH group than NH group (NH: 3.9 PD/mm, HH: 4.9 PD/mm, p = 0.010). A difference between the groups with amblyopia was observed (NH: 8.5% (5/59), HH: 23.8% (5/21), p = 0.146), although without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical success rate of infantile esotropia was not statistically associated with the amount of hyperopia. There was no statistical association between the dose-response relationship and amount of hyperopia at the postoperative 3-month follow-up, but a statistical association was found in the high dose-response relationship in the HH group at the postoperative 3-year follow-up. Therefore, the conventional amount of recession or muscle resection should be modified in high hyperopic (≥ +3.0 D) infantile esotropia, and long-term postoperative follow-up is necessary.
Amblyopia ; Esotropia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperopia* ; Refractive Errors ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To compare the aqueous concentrations of cytokines in glaucomatous eyes with those of normal controls and to characterize the clinical factors associated with aqueous cytokine concentration. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, aqueous humor samples were collected from 54 eyes of 54 patients (34 medically treated primary open angle glaucoma and 20 normal controls) during cataract surgery from January 2014 to January 2015. Glaucoma patients were divided into two groups: patients using prostaglandin analogue for more than 6 months (prostaglandin F2α analogue [PGA] user) and patients with no experience of PGA use (PGA non-user). The levels of cytokines (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]1, MMP9, MMP3, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin [IL]-1, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in the aqueous of glaucoma and control subjects were quantified using a multiplex cytokine analysis. RESULTS: Aqueous humor collected from the glaucoma patients exhibited significantly increased concentrations of MMP1 (p = 0.002) and MMP9 (p = 0.026). Among glaucoma patients, PGA users showed significantly higher level of MMP 9 compared with PGA non-users (p = 0.003). In the univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses, PGA use (β = 0.351, p = 0.027) and vertical cup-to disc ratio (β = -0.401, p = 0.013) were the significant risk factors associated with the level of MMP9. CONCLUSIONS: Primary open-angle glaucoma showed increased aqueous levels of MMP1 and MMP9. Especially, PGA use for longer than 6 months was associated with increased level of MMP9.
Aqueous Humor* ; Cataract ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cytokines ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Humans ; Interleukin-8 ; Interleukins ; Linear Models ; Risk Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

PURPOSE: To compare the aqueous concentrations of cytokines in glaucomatous eyes with those of normal controls and to characterize the clinical factors associated with aqueous cytokine concentration. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, aqueous humor samples were collected from 54 eyes of 54 patients (34 medically treated primary open angle glaucoma and 20 normal controls) during cataract surgery from January 2014 to January 2015. Glaucoma patients were divided into two groups: patients using prostaglandin analogue for more than 6 months (prostaglandin F2α analogue [PGA] user) and patients with no experience of PGA use (PGA non-user). The levels of cytokines (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]1, MMP9, MMP3, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin [IL]-1, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in the aqueous of glaucoma and control subjects were quantified using a multiplex cytokine analysis. RESULTS: Aqueous humor collected from the glaucoma patients exhibited significantly increased concentrations of MMP1 (p = 0.002) and MMP9 (p = 0.026). Among glaucoma patients, PGA users showed significantly higher level of MMP 9 compared with PGA non-users (p = 0.003). In the univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses, PGA use (β = 0.351, p = 0.027) and vertical cup-to disc ratio (β = -0.401, p = 0.013) were the significant risk factors associated with the level of MMP9. CONCLUSIONS: Primary open-angle glaucoma showed increased aqueous levels of MMP1 and MMP9. Especially, PGA use for longer than 6 months was associated with increased level of MMP9.
Aqueous Humor* ; Cataract ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cytokines ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Humans ; Interleukin-8 ; Interleukins ; Linear Models ; Risk Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of orbital wall reconstruction with absorbable osteoconductive unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide by assessment of the orbital volume via orbital computed tomography. METHODS: 24 patients who followed up at least 6 months after orbital wall reconstruction with unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide were included. Retrospective clinical chart reviews for clinical manifestations and complications were performed, and orbital volume measurements were taken using the Eclipse Treatment Planning System (ver.13.0, Varian Medical System Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) through orbital computed tomography, which were taken before operation, right after operation, and at last follow up. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (58.3%) showed diplopia and extraocular muscle movement limitation preoperatively. Diplopia was resolved at last follow up and extraocular muscle movement limitation was improved at postoperative 6 months for all cases. The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit before operation were 23.62 ± 0.45 cm3 and 21.95 ± 1.01 cm3, respectively (p = 0.003). The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit right after operation were 21.65 ± 0.91 cm3 and 21.78 ± 0.83 cm3, respectively (p = 0.542). The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit at last follow up were 21.84 ± 0.93 cm3 and 21.81 ± 0.91 cm3, respectively (p = 0.889). CONCLUSIONS: Absorbable osteoconductive unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide was effective for clinical improvement and orbital volume assessment in cases of orbital wall reconstruction and it can be used safely without definite implant related complications.
Absorbable Implants ; Diplopia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Orbit* ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of orbital wall reconstruction with absorbable osteoconductive unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide by assessment of the orbital volume via orbital computed tomography. METHODS: 24 patients who followed up at least 6 months after orbital wall reconstruction with unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide were included. Retrospective clinical chart reviews for clinical manifestations and complications were performed, and orbital volume measurements were taken using the Eclipse Treatment Planning System (ver.13.0, Varian Medical System Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) through orbital computed tomography, which were taken before operation, right after operation, and at last follow up. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (58.3%) showed diplopia and extraocular muscle movement limitation preoperatively. Diplopia was resolved at last follow up and extraocular muscle movement limitation was improved at postoperative 6 months for all cases. The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit before operation were 23.62 ± 0.45 cm3 and 21.95 ± 1.01 cm3, respectively (p = 0.003). The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit right after operation were 21.65 ± 0.91 cm3 and 21.78 ± 0.83 cm3, respectively (p = 0.542). The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit at last follow up were 21.84 ± 0.93 cm3 and 21.81 ± 0.91 cm3, respectively (p = 0.889). CONCLUSIONS: Absorbable osteoconductive unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide was effective for clinical improvement and orbital volume assessment in cases of orbital wall reconstruction and it can be used safely without definite implant related complications.
Absorbable Implants ; Diplopia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Orbit* ; Retrospective Studies

It has been reported that cigarette smoking increases free radical generation, which can also increase lipid peroxides and deplete antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cigarette smoking and other lifestyle choices may affect serum lipid peroxide concentrations, serum antioxidant concentrations such as tocopherol and vitamin C, and serum antioxidant enzyme activity such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Dietary intakes were assessed by 24-hour recall and survey questionnaires from 48 male non-smokers and 52 male smokers. Overnight fasting blood was collected and measured for individual antioxidant status. The daily vitamin C intakes of smokers tended to be lower than those of non-smokers, and the intakes of both groups were under the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). Vitamin E intake was suffcient for smokers and non-smokers. Serum lipid peroxide concentrations were no difference among all subjects. The serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations of all subjects were in a normal range, and they were highest in mild smokers (p<0.05). Mean serum vitamin C levels were lowest in heavy smokers (p<0.05). The activities of serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were not significantly different in smokes and non-smokers. In conclusion, smoking did not increase oxidative stress in heathy young men. However, it is desirable for heavy smokers to consume more vitamin C than the RDA sine their serum vitamin C concentrations are relatively low.
alpha-Tocopherol ; Antioxidants ; Ascorbic Acid ; Fasting ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Humans ; Life Style ; Lipid Peroxides ; Male ; Oxidative Stress ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Reference Values ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Tocopherols ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins*

PURPOSE: Steatocystoma is a cyst that originates embryologically from hair follicles and usually occurs on the face, chest, back and axillae as multiple lesions and rarely occurs as a solitary lesion. We experienced a case of steatocystoma simplex that developed in the orbit and present our case with a brief review of the literature. CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old male presented with a history of palpable mass in the right inferomedial periorbital area that had been slowly growing for a few months. Physical examination revealed a non-tender, soft and round mass. Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit showed 2.0 x 2.0 x 2.0 cm-sized mass in the right inferomedial orbit. We performed excisional biopsy of the orbital mass using transconjunctival approach. The pathological diagnosis was steatocystoma. There was no local recurrence during the postoperative follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We experienced a rare case of steatocystoma simplex that developed in the orbit. Base on our results, steatocystoma simplex should be considered when diagnosing an orbital mass.
Adult ; Axilla ; Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Orbit* ; Physical Examination ; Recurrence ; Thorax

In published article by Li et al., an author's name was misspelled.

BACKGROUND: Lidocaine is useful as a local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic agent perioperatively. It may augment a neuromuscular block from both nondepolarizing and depolarizing muscle relaxants. Cisatracurium is a new muscle relaxant as an isomer of atracurium. We investigated the interaction of cisatracurium and lidocaine on the dose-response curve in vitro. METHODS: Institutional approvement was obtained. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (150 - 200 gm) were divided into four groups (control, lidocaine 0.01, 0.1, or 1ng/ml). The animals were anesthetized with 40 mg/kg pentobarbital. The hemidiaphragm with the phrenic nerve was dissected and mounted within 5 minutes in a bath containing 100 ml Kreb's solution at 32degreesC. The phrenic nerve was stimulated at supramaximal intensity by a Grass(R) S88 stimulator through an SIU5 isolation unit. A twitch height was measured by a precalibrated Grass FT88 force displacement transducer and recorded with a Grass 79 polygraph. After stabilization of the twitch response, cisatracurium was added to the solution to obtain an initial concentration of 50ng/ml with saline 1 ml or lidocaine 0.01, 0.1 or 1ng/ml. When a stable 3 - 5 twitch inhibition was obtained after the first dose, additional cisatracurium was added to the Kreb's solution in increments of 25ng/ml to more than a 90% neuromuscular block. The data was analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the effective dose of cisatracurium needed to depress the twitch response in lidocaine 0.1ng/ml and 1ng/ml groups compared with the control group and with the lidocaine 0.01ng/ml group. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that lidocaine will increase the sensitivity to cisatracurium in the hemidiaphragm preparation of rats.
Animals ; Atracurium ; Baths ; Humans ; Lidocaine* ; Male ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents ; Pentobarbital ; Phrenic Nerve ; Poaceae ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transducers

PURPOSE: Many conditions can mimic the presentation of burns. Herpes zoster is one of them. The characteristic features of herpes zoster such as vesicles, pustular lesions and crusts can also be found in burns. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is a disease caused by recurrent infection of varicella-zoster virus in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. This virus frequently affects nasociliary branch and serious ocular complications can occur. Thus, early diagnosis and proper treatment of this disease is important to prevent further ocular manifestations. We report a man who sustained minor facial burn injury that was complicated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. METHODS: A 66-year-old man visited emergency room with multiple whitish vesicles with serous discharge on right forehead, right medial canthal area and nose. Firstly he was observed as having a secondary infection of facial burn injury. The vesicles on his face began to form crust the next day. Since his skin lesion was located on the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, we also suspected herpes zoster ophthalmicus. He was referred to dermatologist and ophthalmologist. RESULTS: We used antiviral agent (Acyclovir) and NSAIDs for treatment. The patient had no ocular complications. His skin lesion was almost healed after 1 month and remained scars. We treated the patient with minor facial burn complicated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus with antiviral agent. CONCLUSION: In this work, we describe a case of an old patient with herpetic infection and emphasize the needs for careful examination to diagnose accurately.
Aged ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Burns ; Cicatrix ; Coinfection ; Early Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Forehead ; Herpes Zoster ; Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Nose ; Skin ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Viruses